Ancient Egypt Weblog

Ashmolean Museum Oxford Opens New Ancient Egypt and Nubia Galleries

2011-11-30T22:59:00.000+01:00

As written at

Ashmolean Museum: News & Events

"The Ashmolean is delighted to announce the opening date of the new galleries of Ancient Egypt and Nubia (present day Sudan) on Saturday 26 November 2011."

Read the whole report.

Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs Tickets at De Young Museum, 2/25/2010 - SF Gate

2010-02-25T00:51:00.000+01:00

Talk about good timing....

Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs Tickets at De Young Museum, 2/25/2010 - SF Gate:

"This exhibit will feature more than 130 artifacts from the 18th Dynasty king's opulently appointed tomb and other ancient Egyptian sites."

Tutankhamun and "Where the Great Akhenaten Lies" : Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)

2010-02-22T01:42:00.000+01:00

Tutankhamun and "Where the Great Akhenaten Lies" : Asharq Alawsat Newspaper (English)

Zahi Hawass reports on the great discovery made regarding the identification of Akhenaten among the mummies of Egypt, inter alia writing:

"At a press conference for international media figures held by the Supreme Council of Antiquities last Wednesday at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, I announced that important [archeological] discoveries had been made that shed more light on the dynasty of the golden pharaoh Tutankhamen. These discoveries marked the beginning of a new chapter in using modern techniques and advanced technology in the field of archeological discoveries."

Read the rest here, where it appears quite clearly from the Hawass statements that Akhenaten has been convincingly identified.

The Egyptian Chronicles

2010-02-21T20:15:00.000+01:00

The Egyptian Chronicles is the name of an electronic monthly magazine with one of its features on Ancient Egyptian History.

Pharaonic Egyptian Hieroglyphs 1 - The Vowels - Matres Lectionis

2010-01-20T00:26:00.000+01:00

Reposted from the LexiLine Journal 288

The current view of the Egyptian hieroglyphs is that they contained no "vowels". Although this is true in terms of "modern" vowels as used to separate consonants, the Egyptian hieroglyphs do in fact have symbols for vowel-type sounds which did not function as "vowels" per se but which represented separate language elements as specific sounds.

New File Added to our Egypt Files

To our LexiLine files at Yahoo Groups at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Egypt/
I have added the file pharaonicvowels.png:

showing my decipherment of the ancient Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian vowel-sound system.

Decipherment of the Vowel-Sound System of Ancient Egypt

This decipherment is the beginning of my correction of the mainstream transcriptions, transliterations and interpretations of the hieroglyphs. Mainstream work contains many, many errors.

In the early days of the Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs, the ancients did not yet have our words or specific concepts for "vowel" or "consonant".

Indeed, even in modern times, a thing like "vowels" is a complicated subject. See e.g. Louis Goldstein of Yale University [currently at USC] and his writings on "vowel theory" at
http://artphon.usc.edu/LG/CV.php

Yet, in order to devise a written language, the ancients had to have some primitive "linguistic" understanding of sound and its connection to symbols in order to devise a workable writing system.

I have discovered how that Pharaonic "vowel" system worked.

Mater Lectionis (singular) - Early vowels in the Hebrew Alphabet

The Pharaonic "vowels" show that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were the DIRECT predecessor system to what is know as the matres lectionis (plural) of the Hebrew alphabet in which Aleph is mostly an A, He mostly an A, Waw mostly an O or a U and Jod mostly I, E or AE.

The Linguistics of Sound and Vowel Theory

Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which vowels can be formed by human speech. See the Wikipedia Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis

Early Vowel Theory

As Goldstein notes at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis -

Indian grammarians as early as the 7th century already divided vowels into three distinct types:
(1) palatal (so-called "mouth vowels")
(2) labio-velar (so-called "lip vowels")
(3) pharyngeal (so-called "throat vowels")

Modern Vowel Theory

Modern linguistics has expanded this list to four types of vowels:
(1) palatal ("mouth vowels")
(2) velar ("lip vowels")
(3) uvular ("tongue vowels")
(4) pharyngeal ("in the throat")

The Egyptian Vowel-Type Hieroglyphs mark Vowel Sounds

What we have discovered in the most ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs is that their makers recognized four qualities of vowel-type sounds - and consciously selected homophonic (same-sounding) symbols to mark these sounds - sounds which are similar in function to modern linguistic vowel theory, but of course not as advanced in their nature 5000 years ago.

These four vowel-type sounds in ancient Egypt were:

1. The Breath Sound - the "LEAF, reed LEAF" Hieroglyph
2. The Throat Sound - the "EAGLE" (vulture) Hieroglyph
3. The Nasal Sound - the "CHICKEN" Hieroglyph
4. The Palatal Sound - the "BENT ARM" Hieroglyph

In order to represent these "vowel-types" with symbols, the makers of the hieroglyphs - on the basis of the evidence of the Indo-European language, e.g. on the basis of Latvian lexical comparisons, selected symbols which were pronounced similarly - i.e. were homophonic - to the vowel sound description.

The Four Pairs of Homophonic Hieroglyphs and Vowel Sound Functions

The following four pairs of words are homophonic in Latvian - and fit the Egyptian hieroglyphs perfectly. I find that these same homophonic pairs are found clearly in the Egyptian hieroglyphs:

1. ALPA (whence ALPHA) viz. ELPA "breath" and LAPA viz. VARPA "leaf, ear" whence also VARPATA "couch-grass, dog grass". (Note that the later alphabet used the steer symbol for Alpha, a steer in Latvian being LUOP, also a word homophonic to ALPA. In ancient Old Kingdom Egypt, the "leaf" or "reed leaf" symbol thus represented the "breath sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

2. IERIKLIS ("in the throat") and ERGLIS "eagle" (vulture in Egypt). The "eagle" viz. "vulture" symbol thus represented the "throat sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

3. UOSTA ("smell, smeller, of the nose") and VISTA "chicken". The "chicken" symbol thus represented a "nasal sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

4. ROKA ("bent, arm") and LOKA "bent, pliable, flexible", supple"). The "bent arm" thus represented a "palatal (bent) sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs. Even today LOCISHANA in Latvian is applied as a word in linguistics, applying to declension and conjugation.

Consequence of the Hieroglyphic "Vowel-Sound" Discovery

This above discovery now permits us to recognize that the hieroglyphs were not just chance symbols selected at random or because of religious or other considerations, but were selected primarily for their pronounced SOUND as being similarly sounding - homophonic - to an intended linguistic sound FUNCTION.

Accordingly, we will expect a similar intelligence and rational reasoning to be at work in the formulation of the the remainder of the hieroglyphs, also for the "consonants" (which - as wel will see - were seen combined with vowel sounds). Even though the ancients did not have the precise equivalent concept of "consonant" in ancient days, they recognized similar sounds.

An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will soon be forthcoming.

Bibliotheca Alexandrina - Egypt ReImagines The Pharaonic Library at Alexandria - CNN.com

2010-01-19T23:48:00.001+01:00

Egyptian library merges modern technology with ancient relics - CNN.com

"London, England (CNN) -- As a man whose vision of paradise is 'some sort of library,' Ismail Serageldin must sometimes feel like he works amid the Garden of Eden.

The former World Bank vice-president is director of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (BA) -- Egypt's $220 million reimagining of the ancient world's most celebrated library, built on its historical site in the city of Alexandria."

Read the rest here.

Egyptian Pharaoh statue discovered in Sudan | Bikya Masr

2010-01-19T23:41:00.000+01:00

Egyptian Pharaoh statue discovered in Sudan | Bikya Masr

Writing Origins : Pharaohs, Moderns and Dyslexics

2010-01-17T02:11:00.000+01:00

Writing Origins : Pharaohs, Moderns and Dyslexics

Deep Sea Sailing Vesels of Ancient Egypt Discovered : Ancient Pharaonic Mariners

2010-01-17T02:10:00.000+01:00

Boston University archeologist’s digs uncover clues to Egyptian mariners - The Boston Globe

"BU archeologist unearths clues about ancient Egypt’s sea trade

The archeological digs at Egypt’s Wadi Gawasis have yielded neither mummies nor grand monuments.

But Boston University archeologist Kathryn Bard and her colleagues are uncovering the oldest remnants of seagoing ships and other relics linked to exotic trade with a mysterious Red Sea realm called Punt.

Starting in the middle of the last decade, the Bard-Fattovich team grabbed the attention of nautical archeologists with the unearthing of ship timbers, limestone anchors, steering oars, and hanks of marine rope. The precisely beveled deck beams, hull planks, and copper fittings belong to the oldest deep sea vessels ever found, dating back at least 3,800 years.

The craft appear to have been up to 70 feet long, powered by rowers and sail and capable of navigating deep seas.

“This is exciting stuff, important,’’ said Shelley Wachsmann, a top authority on Bronze Age ships at Texas A&M University’s Institute of Nautical Archaeology. He is not directly involved with Bard’s research.“She’s found the first fragments of an ancient Egyptian seagoing vessel - a ship that actually sailed in pharaonic times,’’ Wachsmann said."

Who Should Own the Rosetta Stone? - TierneyLab Blog - NYTimes.com

2009-12-10T23:20:00.000+01:00

Who Should Own the Rosetta Stone? - TierneyLab Blog - NYTimes.com

BBC NEWS | Middle East | The quest to regain Egypt's antiquities

2009-12-04T22:21:00.000+01:00

BBC NEWS | Middle East | The quest to regain Egypt's antiquities

"I'm not asking for all the artefacts of the British Museum to come to Egypt," says Zahi Hawass, the secretary general of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities.
"I'm only asking for the unique cultural objects," he added, referring to items of great archaeological value, such as the Rosetta Stone....
Also on his wish list is the 3,500-year-old bust of Queen Nefertiti, wife of the famous Pharaoh Akhenaten, on show at the newly re-opened Neues Museum in Berlin, Germany.
Other items include a statue of Hemiunu, the architect of the Great Pyramid at Giza - also in Germany; the bust of Anchhaf, builder of the Chepren Pyramid - at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston; and a painted Zodiac from the Dendera temple, which is kept at the Louvre."

Read the rest here.

The Rosetta Stone and Similar Artefacts : Findings - A Case in Antiquities for 'Finders Keepers' - NYTimes.com

2009-11-24T15:58:00.002+01:00

At its Global Edition Science in the New York Times, John Tierney in his November 16, 2009 article focuses on Findings - A Case in Antiquities for 'Finders Keepers', writing:

"Zahi Hawass regards the Rosetta Stone, like so much else, as stolen property languishing in exile. "We own that stone," he told Al Jazeera, speaking as the secretary general of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities."

Tierney's article is an excellent analysis of the whys and why-nots of returning artefacts to the country of their origin.

Although we are very much in favor of the return of many artefacts to the country of their origin, Egypt in return must become much more liberal in the permissions that it grants for archaeological excavations in Egypt by mainstream institutions and there must be much more objective DNA analysis of mummies etc. It can not be that important archaeological finds are not properly analyzed by objective and unbiased scientific studies, as has not been the case recently in some studies of Egyptian artefacts conducted only be Egyptian scholars. Moreover, it can not be that permission is not given to make things such as DNA analysis to resolve important questions about the origins of the Pharaohs.

Whoever claims that the spoils of Pharaonic Egypt belong to him, will have to prove who the originators of Pharaonic culture actually were, and, as we have long alleged, these are the Hebrews. The current leadership and inhabitants of Egypt entered the country much more recently and actually have nothing to do with the Pharaohs.

IN addition, had the Rosetta Stone not been taken to Great Britain, the decipherment of the hieroglyphs would not have happened as it did, and the face of Egyptology - if it existed at all today - would be much different.

Ancient Egypt Weblog Word Cloud

2008-08-10T20:51:00.003+02:00

Here is the word cloud for the Ancient Egypt Weblog from Wordle:

Bithiah Moses Royal Pharaonic Genealogy

2007-03-22T19:18:00.000+01:00

We have for many years argued our incontrovertible view that Moses was born ca. 1700 BC, that his life history is found in the Egyptian monuments and that there was even a Tomb of Moses . We are now able to add much more analysis to this topic, which appears further below highlighted and in part marked in red. Here is what Chris Bennett has written:

"Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites."

Various postings from soc.genealogy.medieval regarding the genealogy of the Pharaonic Royal Family have been compiled by F.A. Doria under the title: A 4000–Year Old Descent from Antiquity: From the 12th Egyptian Dynasty to the Capetians and Beyond, 1995–1998, Analysis of the descent by Chris Bennett, Comments and discussion by C. Settipani and N. Taylor, May 2001.
See http://erwan.gil.free.fr/modules/freepages/pharaons/ramses_II.pdf

We reproduce the relevant part of that .pdf below since it definitely supports our view that the Biblical version of the early life of Moses is found in the Pharaonic genealogy of the 12th Dynasty and the Intermediate Period. Moses lived during that era.

The article begins below with a Pharaonic genealogical "descent from antiquity" (DFA).

Note especially that what Steiner writes in Footnote 1 is wrong insofar as he incorrectly and artificially seeks Moses in the reign of Ramses II even though there is no evidence anywhere that Moses lived in that era. Important is what Bennett writes in Footnote 1 regarding a possible Jewish "hereditary princess" somewhere in the Pharaonic genealogy, which, as we show in the course of our discussion, meshes perfectly with the 12th Dynasty and Intermediate Period.

The material in brackets and/or in red has been added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog:

__________________start of the quoted article

"1 The descent

The line goes as follows: [Footnote 1]

12th dynasty

1. Sen–Wosret, ancestor of the 12th Dynasty. Son:
2. Amenemhat I, d. 1962 b.C., first king, 12th Dynasty. Son:
3. Sen–Wosret I, co–regent and then sole ruler for 45 years. Son:
4. Amenemhet II, buried at Dahshur. Son:
5. Sen–Wosret II, built pyramid at Illahun. Son:
6. Sen–Wosret III fought in Palestine and Nubia. Father of:
7. NN. Father of:
8. Amenemhet III, d. 1797 b.C., ruled for 46 years. Father of:
• NN. Follows.
• NN. Father of:
– Amenemhet IV, ruled for a brief time. Father of Queen Sebeknefru,
last of the 12th Dynasty.
9. NN. Child:
10. NN. Child:

Intermediate period

11. Kemi, a daughter,[Footnote 2] who married Ha–Ankhef, God’s Father; parents of Ha–Ankhef were Nehi and Senebtisi. Son: [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog]
12. Khaneferre Sebekhotep IV, king c. 1737–1727. M. Queen Tjani. Child: [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, Khaneferre was the name of the king under whom Moses was born, according to Artapanus]
13. Sebekhotep, hereditary princess.[Footnote 3] [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, this was Bithiah, the "hereditary" Jewish daughter of the pharaoh, who adopted Moses at the urging of Moses' sister Miriam, Exodus 2:4-8 ] M. Senebhanef, vizier under (probably) Mernerferre Ay, king of all Egypt c. 1713–1690 [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, MER-nfr is Biblical Mered, and the husband of Bithiah, called Jehudiah, the Jewess, in the Bible at 1 Chronicles 4:18, who bore three sons, Jered, Gedor and Jekuthiel. Mered also had three brothers, Jether, Epher, and Jalon, 1 Chronicles 4:17 ].[Footnote 4] Child:
14. Mentuhotep. Died during the reign of her husband.[Footnote 5] Husband, king Sekhemre–sementawi Djehuti, c. 1660 BC; reigned 3y ears. Parents of: [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog: No, the three brothers are either the 3 sons of Mered and Bithiah or the 3 brothers of Mered - it looks as if they are one and the same - the Footnote forebodingly says the parentage is certain - why that necessity of statement?- and exactly the opposite is true]
15. One of three brothers: [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog: a battle for succession between brothers and/or sons?]
either Sekhemre–se’ankhtawi Neferhotep III (who
reigned 1 year?), or Sekhemre–seusertawi Sebekhotep VIII (reigned for 16
years?—a 4th year is known inscriptionally) or even Se’ankhenre Mentuhotep
VII (formerly VI) (reigned for a single year?).[Footnote 6] One of them is
the father [Footnote 7] of: [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, this statement is false, as Footnote 7 suggests]
16. Sekhemre-shedtawi Sebekemsaf I (formerly II) [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, this is Moses], whose tomb was desecrated by 20th dynasty tomb robbers. M. Queen Nubkhas. Parents of:
17. Nubkheperre Inyotef VII (formerly V) [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog: The Biblical name of the wife of Moses is Ziporrah and this is Nubhkeperre, with ZI incorrectly read by the Egyptologists as Nubkhe. This is the WIFE of Moses. The hieroglyph is the symbol used for precious metals and the word is Indo-European, as e.g. Russian Serebro or German Silber "silver". Ziporrah is the daughter of Jethro, a Midianite i.e. a Palestinian.], king for at least 3y ears (probably much more) c. 1600 b.C.[Footnote 8] M. Queen Sebekemsaf, almost certainly the daughter of Horhorkhuwaytef, governor of Edfu, and Sebeknakht, a king’s daughter. Which king? Se’ankhenre Mentuhotep VII (see 15. above) or one of the other two candidates;[Footnote 9] mother is Queen Satmut, known to be wife of a Theban king Mentuhotep of this period. Parents of:
18. Sekhenre–wahkhau Rahotep (or, less likely, Sekhenre–wadjkhau Sebekemsaf II (formerly I), his predecessor).[Footnote 10] [emphasis by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, this is Biblical Nun ]

17th dynasty

M. Tetisheri.[Footnote 11] Tetisheri was the daughter of Cenna (Tenna), m. to Neferu; XVII Dynasty.[Footnote 12]

[ __________footnotes to the article ]

[Footnote 1]
From an early 2000 post to the gen–med list by Chris Bennett [link added by LexiLine]:
“I have recently come across an article which may be of interest (R. C. Steiner, “Bitte–Ya, daughter of Pharaoh, and Bint(i)–’Anat daughter of Ramses II,” Biblica 79:3 (1998) 394—Biblica is now available online at http://www.bsw.org/project/biblica/index.htm [Ancient Egypt Weblog note: no longer available at that link, abstract at http://www.bsw.org/?l=7179 ], but this particular article is the only article omitted from the 1998 online collection [Ancient Egypt Weblog note: it is still omitted as of this date]). Steiner discusses a certain Bithiah, daughter of pharaoh, mentioned as the wife of Mered in a collection of genealogies of the tribe of Judah. He argues that the name Bithiah disguises an original “Bint–Anath,” known as a daughter of Ramses II. [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, Ramses II - who we claim is King Solomon - had at least a hundred children and seeking some artificial name similarity to one of them is absurd] Noting that the ancestor of the line discussed, Ezra, is in some way a relative of Caleb, who was a companion of Joshua, and that Mered’s grandsons were named as founders of the cities of Gedor, Socor and Zanoah, he argues that Mered must be dated to the 12/11th centuries BC. On this basis, he suggests that Bithiah was a D20 (20th Dynasty) princess Bint–Anath, perhaps a [grand]daughter of Ramses III.

FWIW there is at least one known case of an Egyptian princess, Nebetia daughter of the king’s son SiAtum, who was almost certainly a king’s granddaughter (likely, of Amenhotep III), bearing the title s3t nsw—“king’s daughter”—probably indicating that she was born in the lifetime of her grandfather. However I see no reason the Judahites would have conformed to this nicety of Egyptian practice, I think they would have been happy to accord the title to any descendant of a pharaoh.

Anyway, I’ve just been checking what Chronicles actually has to say about her. Its not much. The relevant text is as follows (KJV, King James Version):

(17) And the sons of Ezra were, Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon: and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. (18) And his wife Jehudijah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took. (19) And the sons of his wife Hodiah the sister of Naham , the father of Keilah the Garmite , and Eshtemoa the Maachathite .

It is clear that she was a mother of Mered’s sons, but the wording is unclear (at least in the KJV and to me) as to exactly who they are, it rather looks like they have been elided at some point. However, one online interpretation I found suggests that Bithiah is the ”she” of verse 17, and certainly this works if you assume the genealogies are constructed according to a nesting principle. OTOH , Steiner clearly regards the descendants of Ishbah listed in verse 18 as descendants of a second wife of Mered, presumably Hodiah. Whatever, these genealogies are totally outside my expertise to evaluate and I present them solely FWIW.

Nevertheless, there does appear to be a prima facie case here for an Egyptian princess with descendants amongst the Judahites.

Link her up to the line of David somehow, and the problem of an Egyptian DFA becomes reduced to that of a Davidic DFA. Whether we’re better off or not is up to you to judge!” [End of Footnote 1, emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog]

[Footnote 2]
There is a JAMS article by C. Bennett where he presents a suggestion, based on the Westcar Papyrus, that Kemi may have been descended from Amenemhat III of the 12th dynasty. C. Bennett (CB, in the next footnotes) regards this as an interesting speculation rather than a serious case. [emphasis added by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, yes, Kemi was the daughter of Amenemhet]

[Footnote 3]
A hereditary princess was not necessarily a king’s daughter, but there are instances of this period where known king’s daughters are only described by this title. Paternity of Sebekhotep depends on this supposition plus some chronological dead reckoning. Tjani was his wife but not necessarily the mother of Sebekhotep (CB). [emphasis added the Ancient Egypt Weblog]

[Footnote 4]
Probably identical with Senebhanef, controller of the hall, son of Yauyebi, vizier under (probably) Wahibre Yauyebi, king c. 1723-1713 and Renressonb, certainly daughter of Id, Herald of Adhur-nakht (CB).

[Footnote 5]
The connection to parents given here is virtually certain (CB). [emphasis by the Ancient Egypt Weblog, the connection is in fact quite uncertain]

[Footnote 6]
Brotherhood is supposed because of naming patterns and other genealogical indications in the later dynasty (CB).

[Footnote 7]
The next step on this line is based on the pattern of prenomens and the theory that the succession system in this dynasty was fratrilineal (CB).

[Footnote 8]
Almost certainly the brother of Sekhemre–wepma’et Inyotef V (formerly VI) (“the Elder”), who was certainly the son of a king (CB).

[Footnote 9] The proposed identify of her father is based on chronological plausibility and a known association with Edfu.

[Footnote 10]
These kings, and their predecessors back to about 1660 b.C., ruled in Upper Egypt only. There is reason to believe that his principal wife was a queen Sebekemsaf-Haanhkes, king’s wife, king’s sister and king’s daughter. Art–historical and collateral genealogical data place him in this period. Juggling the possibilities, we arrive as this as the most likely step (CB).

[Footnote 11]
The theory that Tetisheri married Ta’o I, although of very long standing, is a pure guess, based solely on the facts that Ta’o I was probably Ta’o II’s immediate predecessor and that Tetisheri, the daughter of commoners, married a king. The only solid indicator of Ta’o’s position is that he was called Ta’o–o, meaning “Ta’o the Elder” (though one respected expert, Claude Vandersleyen, disputes the evidence that he was called Ta’o at all—hypercritically). By analogy with a slightly earlier king Inyotef “the Elder,” who was elder brother of a king Inyotef, Ta’o I was probably brother to Ta’o II. It is a well–documented, if confusing, custom of the period to give many children the same name. But, Teti-sheri did marry a king. Who, we don’t know. Here is the best guess (CB).

[Footnote 12]
Tetisheri’s name (“little Teti”) suggests that she was related to a noble family of this period where the name Teti is prominent. Tetihemet, nurse of Queen Ahmes–Nefertari, the queen being Tetisheri’s granddaughter, also came from this family. While only fragments of the family’s genealogy are traceable, we can trace it from Teti son of Minhotep, an opponent of King Nubkheperre Inyotef. (CB)."

_______end of our quote of the quoted article ,
although the article is much longer than this, so take a look here for the original

Happy Halloween 2006 : Happy Halloween 2006 : This is our Ancient Egypt Cat Pumpkin

2006-10-30T20:45:00.000+01:00

Happy Halloween 2006 : This is our Ancient Egypt Cat Pumpkin
Cats were revered in Ancient Egypt

HAPPY HALLOWEEN 2006.
Cats were revered in Ancient Egypt
See The Role of Cats in Ancient Egypt

Hatshepsut was Biblical Deborah

2006-04-09T02:09:00.000+02:00

Hatshepsut, who I have identified for years as the biblical Deborah, has now been claimed to have been "lost and found" as a mummy on the third floor of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

The Egypt State Information Service writes:

"The true mummy of ancient Egyptian queenHatshepsut was discovered in the third floor of the Egyptian Museum inCairo, Secretary General of Supreme Council for Antiquities Zahi Hawwasrevealed on Thursday.
The mummy was missing among thousands of artifacts lying in the museum,he said during his lecture at the New York-based Metropolitan Museum ofArts.
He said for decades archaeologists believed that a mummy found in Luxorwas that of the Egyptian queen. It was a streak of luck, he said, tofind this mummy.
The Metropolitan is hosting a Hatshepsut exhibition that displays 270 artifacts on the life history of the queen.
The American museum honoured Hawwas and his accompanying delegation inappreciation of their effort to unravel the mysteries of the EgyptianPharaohnic age."

Is Hawass right? We think so.

First, let us be clear that in my analysis,
Deborah = Hatshepsut
and
Barak = Thutmosis I (Thutmose I).

Hatshepsut was the only "Queen" of Egypt and Deborah was the only "Female Judge" of pre-monarchic Israel. They are one and the same person.

According to current scholarship, the name Deborah allegedly meant "bee" but in fact her name is given in hieroglyphs by the symbols of the bread loaf (TE or DE), the vase pot (PO or BO incorrectly read by the Egyptologists as H because they have confused a reading for "fluid", i.e. the content of the pot), and the lion symbol (L or R, as Egyptologists should have known from the use of the lion for that sound in later eras). Actually the original name is something like BTL or PTL which I think is Hebrew hlwtb (bethula) meaning "virgin" or "Virgo", as her assigned place in the heavens. The term la-pi-do-th (Lapidoth), affiliated with Deborah as her alleged partner, just comes from a different reading of that same hieroglyph, moving the order of letters around, and was probably intentional. We explain this later below.

The astronomical conclusion that Deborah was Virgo is also verified by the picture and hieroglyphs found on one of the stone slabs marking the entrance to tomb KV20, where Deborah (Hatshepsut) is shown sitting on the back of a long downward and then upward curving giant serpent (clearly Hydra) at the exact position marking Virgo (p. 94 of the German version of The Complete Valley of the Kings by Reeves and Wilkinson). This marks the seventh hour of the so-called amduat , the hidden chambers of the hours of night, which of course are astronomical regions of the stars and can be followed quite easily - my discovery - from the Spring Equinox point to the Taurus to Osiris (Orion) and onward toward Hydra and the deepest underworld, for in about 1500 BC the lowest point of the celestial equator in its 26000-year circuit is in Hydra and Deborah's staff in the picture on the stone slab referred to above marks that lowest point at the bottom of the neck of Hydra.

Let me also point out that Barak in Hebrew means "lightning" which is of course then related to Latvian PERK-onis "thunder". In Latvian there is however another homophonic word and that is PEREKlis (origin of the Greek name Pericles) =BARAK and that word means "roost of a bird", and that is why the name hieroglyph of Thutmosis, who is BARAK, is a bird on a roost PEREKlis, a word also found in Akkadian by the way.

Hence, there is little doubt that tomb KV38 in its astronomically intentional high roost in the Valley of Kings was in fact the original tomb of Barak (Thutmosis I) and that John Romers' dating of KV38 after KV20 is simply wrong.

KV 20 indeed represents the amduat in its shape and that is why it was dug so deeply underground. It had an astronomical significance. All of these observations are my discoveries.
The Egyptologists are asleep.

As for the area of the heavens which was intended as BARAK's roost, note that parqenoj ("parthenos" - virgin), i.e. PARQ = BARAK, also means virgin, so we have a match with Deborah and Barak in terms of where their realms were placed in the heavens.

Deborah's realm would be Virgo and Barak's Bootes above it. As noted by Richard Hinckley Allen in Star Names (p. 101), Al Biruni refers to Arcturus as "the second calf of the lion" and Spica (in Virgo) is "the first calf of the lion", which "first calf" of the lion we see in Deborah's hieroglyphic name. Ideler showed that Arabic Bootes was also BAKKAR, the Herdsman (Allen p. 97), obviously an Arabic name confusion with BARAK.

But of course, that is not all.

Let us turn to the tombs in the Valley of Kings at THEBES (recall that Latvian DEBESS means "heaven" and THEBES = DEBESS). The Valley of Kings at Thebes was the "heaven" to which the deceased pharaohs were sent.

Relying on the Thames and Hudson book, The Complete Valley of the Kings, which I have in my library in the German version as Das Tal der Koenige, by Nicholas Reeves and Richard H. Wilkinson, Econ, 1997 and various similar sources we discover that:

Deborah's (Hatshepsut's) tomb was first planned to be a cliff tomb at Wadi Sikket Taquet el-Zaid [German Wadi Sikket Taqa el-Zeide], discovered by Howard Carter in 1916, but this "rock tomb " was never finished and never used.

Rather, after Barak, Deborah's father passed away, she became the regent and decided to make her own tomb KV20, bringing her beloved father down from tomb KV38 to join her at some point. Note here that it is generally thought Deborah's "partner" was Lapidoth, a term also meaning"red-haired", but she had no partner. Lapidoth was Deborah.

When the mummies were moved to save them from the grave robbers in the era of Ramses IX, it is clear that Deborah's (Hatshepsut's) mummy was saved to the nearest smaller and thus less endangered tomb, that of her wet nurse in Tomb KV60, with the mummy for protection probably then placed in that coffin in the stead of her nurse. There were thus in fact two mummies found in KV60. One of them is still there and the other of these mummies, the blondish red-haired one is the one that was taken to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and which is now being hailed as the mummy of Deborah (Hatshepsut).

And here is my conclusion.

There is no doubt that the mummy with goldish-blonde red hair is Deborah (Hatshepsut), for Deborah was in fact famed for her red hair as Lapidoth, which is just another reading of the hieroglyphs of her name.

Other people pooh-bah Zahi Hawass as a showman, which he definitely is, and a good one, but I think he has an excellent nose for the truth, because he is sincerely interested in how actual history took place, and that is often more important than anything. In the instant case, we support Hawass in his conclusion. The blondish red-haired mummy is clearly Deborah (Hatshepsut).

The exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum is titled "Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh". Imagine how many people would come to that exhibition if they knew that Hatshepsut was the biblical Deborah. New York City would have to worry about sinking because of the weight of the visitors.

I should note in closing that I was of course at the Hatschepsut exhibition when it was held here in Germany in Speyer in the year 2002 and it was terrific, and I can only recommend to all of you to go to New York and see this wonderful exhibition. I also recommend a publication I bought in German which is perhaps by now available in English. It is: Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Hatschepsut: KoenigIN Aegyptens, Muenchen 1999, Heft 8 der Schriften der Aegyptischen Sammlung (SAS).

The Tomb of Moses and Related Matters

2006-03-19T22:28:00.000+01:00

Although not recognized as such by the Egyptologists, the Tomb of Moses was discovered by the team of Austrian archaeologist Manfred Bietak in the ancient Israelite city of Avaris (Tell el Dab'a) , which is found stratigraphically under the later Per Ramses, home of the Hebrews (Pi-Ramesse, which is the ancient land of Gath or Goshen, today called Giza).

Because of collossal errors in mainsteam chronology, this tomb is erroneously regarded by some scholars to be the tomb of Biblical Joseph, which is amusing, as the error in chronology is merely about 500 years.

In Avaris they found an extensive palace with an equally extensive garden in which they discovered a tomb which had been completely emptied in ancient days, which is a rarity, since graverobbers usually just take valuables, but leave the bodies untouched. Here the bodies had also been been removed.

What is unusual is that this particular graverobbery is documented in ancient Pharaonic records. This tomb at Avaris is none other than a tomb mentioned at the time of widespread grave plunderings during the reign of Ramses IX, a reign which marked the last death knells of Pharaonic civilization, when not even the ancient graves of kings were safe. It is in our opinion the tomb of Moses.

The robbing of the Tomb of Moses has come down to us in a papyrus which protocols the trial of certain "Amun-pnufer", who on the 22nd day of the winter month and in the 16th year of reign of Ramses IX confessed to robbing the grave of the king known erroneously to the Egyptologists as "Sobekemsaf II" and his wife "Nubchas". As written at gizapyramids.org :

"[T]]he 'Leopold-Amherst Papyrus' records the testimony of the thieves who plundered the tomb of King Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekem-saf II and Queen Nubkhas of the Seventeenth Dynasty.... The thieves confessed that they had broken into this tomb and had:
'found the noble mummy of the sacred king... [and] numerous golden amulets and ornaments were on his breast and a golden mask was over his face. The noble mummy of the king was entirely bedecked with gold and his coffins were embellished with gold and silver, both inside and out, and inlaid with precious stones. We collected the gold, together with the amulets and jewels that were about him and the metal that was on his coffins. We found the queen in the same state and retrieved all that we found upon her. Then we set fire to their coffins. We took the furnishings that were found with them, comprising objects of gold, silver and bronze, and divided the spoils amongst us.' " [emphasis added]

Compare the royal pectoral found in the above cited article by Peter Lacovara, "An Ancient Egyptian Royal Pectoral" in the Journal of Fine Arts, Boston, Vol. 2, 1990, (dated to c. 1784-1570 B.C.) to the one found in the Tomb of Tuthankhamun. They are virtually identical.

As I have explained at the LexiLine website , Moses was the Pharaoh today transcribed by the Egyptologists as Sobek-emsaf II (also written Sebekemsaf). The statue of this king, which is the "Statue" of Moses - in black diorite - is in the Museum of Art History in Vienna but the base and feet are in the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.

It is the statue of a man whose hieroglyphic name is transcribed - erroneously - by Egyptologists as Sobek-em-s-af, whereas the hieroglyphs "em-s" actually clearly read MOSHE (Moses). This is the same as Sechemre Schedtaui - also erroneously transcribed , the 1st King of Thebes of the 17th Dynasty, a reign dated by current chronology to ca. 1650-1600 B.C.

MOSES and the tale of ARTAPANUS
(See David Rohl's book, A Test of Time, Random House, London, 1995)

MOSES WAS BORN - writes Artapanus - in the reign of Chaneferre (Khenephres), known as Sobekhotep IV, who, even by current chronology, ruled ca. 1700 B.C. The current date assigned to the life of Moses by mainstream scholarship is supported by nothing, no evidence whatsover, and is typical for the kind of sloppy scholarship in this field which is rampant at the universities of the world.

Clemens' Stromata summarizes the writings of Artapanus, a Jewish historian who wrote Peri Iodaion (About the Jews). Artapanus is named by Eusebius in his Evangelicae Preparationis and his detailed account of the life of Moses is reported in his Pamphilis, Book 9, Ch. 27, 1-37.

That life story of MOSES agrees with the Egyptian "SINUHE Story" - which originated in the Pharaonic 12th Dynasty (!) at the time of A-MEN-EM-HET III, who we have identified as the Pharaoh of Exodus.

The story of Sinuhe is about a young man who flees Egypt (as does Moses), goes to Palestine (as does Moses), where Sinuhe finds the support of Prince Retenju just as Moses finds the help of the similarly named "Raguel" in Artapanus, and the help of of "Reguel" viz. "Jitro" in the Biblical Exodus (2,18; 3,1;4,18; 18,1). The stories are the same and date to ca. 1700 BC.

The Pharaoh who first "enslaved" the Hebrews, says Artapanus, was called PAL-MEN-O-THES and had a city and temple built at "Kessan" (as Rohl correctly notes, "Kes" in the eastern Delta) called "Kessan" in the Septuagint and "Goshen" in the Masora, which is generally equated with On, Heliopolis or Egyptian Iunu.

The statue of Moses (Sebekemsaf) was found at Armant, (Ar-Mant is related to Iunu-Month) which was greatly developed in the 12th dynasty.

Pharaoh PAL-MEN-O-THIS is surely the same as A-MEN-E(M)-HET(is) III out of that very same 12th dynasty. The first syllable has simply been mistranscribed by Egyptologists or Greeks.

It was during the 12th dynasty that territorial expansion against Kush and Nubia reached its peak, and the story of Moses tells us that he also campaigned against Nubia and Ethiopia in his youth.

In the chapters 71 to 78 of the apocryphal Book of Jasher , which gives a detailed account of the life of Moses, we find the mention of several pharaohs. Their equivalence (our discovery) to hieroglyphically documented personages is as follows:

- King of Africa (Egypt, Thebes) ANGEAS = the king today transcribed by Egyptologists as ANTEF

- King of Africa (Egypt, Thebes) AZDRUBAL (son of Angeas) = the king today transcribed by Egyptologists as MENTUHOTEP

As far as we can tell, there was only one ANTEF and one MENTUHOTEP, with the varied cartouched hieroglpyhs (no cartouches for the three known name variants of Mentuhotep) referring to the birth, ascension and death of each pharaoh. That is why the Antefs have only one tomb location - at Dira Abu 'n-Naga - and why only the tomb of Mentuhotep I has been found, because there are were no other kings named Menuhotep, only this one.

- King of Africa (Egypt, Thebes) ANIBAL (son of Angeas) = the king today transcribed by Egyptologists as AMENEMHET I.
It was Amenemhet who first called the Delta Region "Itj-taui". The Egyptologists think that the word applies to a specific place there, which they have thus far been unable to find, whereas, of course, it applies to the entire region.

The Pharaoh of Exodus was Amenemhet III (transcribed Pal-men-othis according to Artapanus, i.e. rather than A-men-othis) during whose reign two pyramids of mud brick were built, and these are the last pyramids ever built in Egypt, because the Hebrews left and sojourned to Per-Ramses.

Please note that "Africa" or "Egypt" in those days applied to THEBES but NOT to the Nile Delta region, which was called Judah (Itj-taui) , Sut/Shut, Gath or Goshen, whence its name today, Giza.

We have written as follows about the chronology of Moses as related to other events, e.g. the Solar Eclipse of April 16, 1699 BC during the reign of Sobekhotep IV Chaneferre:

"[This was a] Solar Eclipse at the Pleiades and the crossing of the ecliptic and the celestial equator underneath the gate to Heaven between Auriga and Perseus. The heiroglyphs mark this as a partial sun followed by the swallowing windpipe symbol. According to Artapanus (writing about 300 BC), Chaneferre - i.e. the Pharaoh just noted above - was the Pharaoh during whose reign Moses was born. No contrary evidence gives us cause to doubt this historical record. Since Chaneferre apparently ruled only about 10 years, this puts the birth of Moses between maximally 10 years either side of 1699 BC, and we put it at 1707 BC due to the 80-year correlation to Exodus which we place as congruent with the explosion of Santorin ca. August 4, 1627 BC, based on astronomical considerations. Moses is later the first king of the 17th Dynasty of Thebes as Sobek-EMSAf II, a name actually written in the hieroglpyhs as "MO-SHE" (also known as Sobekhotep VIII or Sechem-re Schedtaui). Since we know that Moses flew from Thebes when he was around 40, this puts him in the Eastern Delta Region of Egypt ca. 1667 BC, where Moses's Biblical Midianites are none
other than the Hyksos, i.e. the Palestinians (nomadic desert dwellers), of whose king Moses takes one daughter as a wife. The 16th Dynasty King known as Anather is then Gideon (so also clearly readable according to the hieroglyphs as Hand-D-N i.e. GI-DI-N)."

Ramses II was King Solomon

2006-03-19T18:37:00.000+01:00

Very few equivalences in ancient times are so certain as the equivalence of Ramses II with King Solomon. Indeed, no mainstream scholar has been able to present even the most minimal requisite evidence necessary to rebut my challenge to current chronology as posted at https://listhost.uchicago.edu/pipermail/ane/2003-July/009941.html

Egyptologists, Oriental and Biblical scholars do not like to be confronted with facts - rather, they continue to build their nice little houses of cards as if facts contrary to their ill-conceived theories and chronologies simply did not exist. The closed-minded majority of Egyptologists seem to have a limited capacity for critical thinking.

Just how long did Ramses reign? They assume it is 67 years of sole regency, but the evidence is against them.

It is quite clear that Ramses did not rule alone for 67 years but like Solomon only ruled 40 years as a sole regent.36 of these 40 years were peacefully ruled after his reaching the age 30 (when the 30-year ceremony was held). After the success of the battle (and peace) of Kadesh (which led to peace in the ancient Near East), Solomon could build the Temple in celebration, indeed 480 years after the Exodus from THEBES (= EGYPT, eTHEBETE) which in ancient times was "Egypt", whereas the Delta-region was "Judah" and so also was always marked on the ancient hieroglyphs, i.e. as SUTah (from Gardiner: su-plant phon: sw log: sut-rush (swt), king (nsw), see in this regard http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/people/gardiner/m.htm ).

It is a hieroglyph which the helpless Egyptologists now write totally incorrectly with a preceding N, even though the hieroglyphs place the N at the end - how foolish on the part of the scholars. The original Indo-European-based Pharaonic term is similar to the Baltic term SUTENIS which means "hot humid area, marshy region" i.e. the Nile Delta, and which is a homophonic term also for SUTNIS "envoy, ambassador", which the king of the Delta was in ancient days to this region. The N which the Egyptologists now artificially set in front of these hieroglyphs - in the totally faulty reading "nesubait" - is sheer idiocy, misunderstanding the placement of the Indo-European prefix no- as identical to Baltic no- ("from, off, out of, with, of, out of, etc.") in front of Pharaonic viz. similar Baltic words sach as SUT- "to send", whence SUTNIS "envoy, ambassador" and NOSUTIT "to send off" but also SVET- "holy" and whence NOSVET- "holy of, to celebrate something holy" and ZIB "to shine" whence NOZIBET "to flash, twinkle", with the latter accounting for the NESUBAIT of "star names" of the Pharaohs. What the Egyptologists have made of this simple grammatical Indo-European construction is an Alice in Wonderland creation wondrous to be behold for its lack of relation to actual reality.

But to return to the matter at hand. There is in fact substantial evidence - acknowledged but ignored by the mainstreamers - that the early years of rule of Ramses II were a coregency with Sethos (King David), whose daughter he married (as Solomon also married the daughter of the pharaoh). Is it not remarkable that a Jewish king is marrying into the royal "Egyptian" Pharaonic family, which allegedly was not Jewish - come on, what nonsense is that? The scholars are clueless.

It was during the rule of Sethos (Seti, Setoy, i.e. King David) that the war and conquering took place. Ramses did not rule for 67 years ALONE but rather ruled 27 in coregency with King David and then ruled 40 years alone. Indeed, Clayton in Chronicle of the Pharaohs writes that Ramses took sole regency at age 25. These ca. 40 years of sole regency by Ramses II (i.e. King Solomon) were also peaceful (except for the battle of Kadesh) and marked the greatest period of building by any pharaoh since the days of the pyramids - this was the reign of Solomon (Ramses II, i.e RA-Messias "born of the Sun") and such an era of construction could only have occurred in a time of peace.

One should also point out in this connection that Ramses had already married two of his wives ten years before he became the sole Pharaoh, which, presuming that he became sole regent at the age of 27, would have meant that he was 17 at the time of first marriage, which makes sense, given the age at which it made biological sense for a man to take a woman for a wife.As written at http://www.touregypt.net/magazine/ancientegyptianpeople.htm:

"Ramesses II probably married the first two principal wives at least ten years prior to the death of his father, Seti I, before Ramesses II actually ascended the throne."

Ramses as Solomon thus ruled only 40 years ALONE (36 years of peace) plus 27 as coregent, during the war period.

More Evidence on the Age and Reign of Ramses II (who was King Solomon)

The Abydos Stela of Ramses IV refers to Ramses II as "living" 67 years. 'The Abydos stela of Ramses IV reads, according to this website as follows:"those things which King Ramses II, the Great God, did for thee in his sixty-seven years".

This is the main source for the idea that Ramses II reigned for 67 years, but it is quite clear from the context that these 67 years apply to the length of his life.

Anniversary Feasts celebrated by Ramses II point to a reign of 40 years. According to the table of important dates of Ramses' life in Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, the FIRST anniversary feast (for the celebration of Ramses II sole ascension to the throne) took place 25 years AFTER the oldest date given, which can only be his birth, and NOT, as Clayton writes, the begin of his sole reign. He celebrated 13 such anniversaries during his reign, each of which - not understood by the Egyptologists - took place every 3 years = 39 years, and there was no 14th anniversary celebrated, so that Ramses ruled ca. 40 years, as did Solomon.

The term Egypt in ancient sources referred to THEBES and not to the Nile Delta region. I repeat again for the naysayers that in the ancient texts EGYPT was THEBES but did not include the NILE DELTA which was GATH, JUDAH, SUT viz. GOSHEN, from which the GIZA plateau takes its name. That knowledge is necessary to mesh the hieroglyphic and Biblical accounts together as one.

As I have written here at the LexiLine website (with some new corrections to the text):

WHERE WAS JUDAH?

An analysis of the the ancient terms Shihor, Yamsuf (Jamsuf), Idj-Taui and Fayyum (Fay-yum) gives us a clear answer.

SHIHOR (Nile waters of the Nile Delta plus Fayyum)

SHIHOR or SCHIHOR in Joshua 13,3 defines a water "flowing before Egypt" and Isaiah 23,3 mentions Shihor in connection with the Nile.

I Chronicles 13,5 states that the Kingdom of David (!) extended from the Shihor of Egypt to the road to Hamat (the land of the Hittites).

Fayyum (Lake Fayyum, viz. Fayoum) and Bahr Yusuf (the correct Biblical Beersheba)

In Egyptian sources Shihor referred to the waters of the Nile Delta together with Lake Fajum (Fayyum) INTO WHICH the ancient channel of the Nile flowed (today this is the canal Bahr Yusuf = Biblical Beersheba, i.e. Bahr (yu)SUF. (Sivan in his work on North Semitic dialects says that the yu syllable was added in later Semitic and was not a part of the word originally). Hellenistic sources say it WAS an arm of the Nile.

Scholars think that the Kingdom of David, i.e. Judah, ended at what is modern (non-biblical) Beersheba in current Israel.That unproven assumption is the greatest historical geographic error ever committed and runs directly contrary to the actual written sources available. Judah included Fayyum.

Jam Suf (the Sea of Reeds)

In Biblical Exodus, Fayyum is Hebrew JAM SUF "the sea of reeds" which can ONLY be Fayyum (the only sea of reeds in Egypt) and SUF is the place where Moses repeated "the law" to the children of Israel.

THE SOUTHERN TRIBES

Judah and Benjamin (the southern tribes which united as Judah) were only 2 of the 12 tribes of the Hebrews and the other 10 tribes rebelled at the time of Rehoboam (Merentptah), Jerobeam (Priam, King of Lydia (Troy)) and Ramses III (Shishak). The invasion of the sea peoples during the reign of Ramses III was part of the Trojan War.

The name Israel derives from an Indo-European term similar e.g. to the example of Latvian Izrauji "rebels".

When we speak in modern times about Israel and the Jews, we have completely FORGOTTEN about Judah which in fact is the more important of the two historically because it existed prior to the name "Israel" ever appearing on any monument. The first appearance of the name "Israel" on any monument occurred on the Merenptah Stela of defeated enemies.

Idj-TauiJudah was Idj-taui (= Ju-dah)

IDJ-TAUI was the Nile Delta, including Per-Ramses (Pi-Ramesse), historically the home of the Hebrews in what we "today" call "Egypt", but which was actually the Nile Delta region called Judah (SUT viz. SHUT) in ancient days.

JUDAH in hieroglyphic writing is symbolized by the raised cobra hieroglyph, DJD.

Judah's geographical boundaries extended from Hebron (city of the unification of Judah and Israel)to the "Brook of Egypt", i.e. the Nile arm at Fayyumand to Beer Es Sebua = Bahr Yusuf - the ancient channel of the Nile into Fayyum.

It was at Fayyum that the last pyramids were built, two of them alone for Amenemhet III (one at Dashur and other at Hawara), with the end of this overdone pyramid-building period marked by the sudden abandonment of the worker-city Kahun. Our explanation is that the workers had had enough of Amenemhet III and that was the end of the pyramid-building age. No more pyramids were ever built. Amenemhet was thus the Pharaoh of Exodus.

The era of Moses (who is found in the hieroglyphs erroneously transcribed by the Egyptologists as Sobekhotep II) and his short-term allies, the Hyksos (Palestinians, Midians) had dawned.

The Mystery of Nefertiti (Nofretete) Solved

2006-03-19T04:10:00.000+01:00

We are all familiar with the famous bust of Nofretete (Nefertiti in neo-Egyptological garble).
Who was this woman? Who was she?

Mark Rose in "Where's Nefertiti?", a book review of Joann Fletcher's The Search for Nefertiti: The True Story of an Amazing Discovery, William Morrow & Co., comments on the alleged find of Nefertiti's mummy in tomb KV35, where Joann Fletcher has allegedly identified the "Younger Woman" in that tomb as Nefertiti. Priority to this identification is disputed by a certain Marianne Luban, who is thus equally in error in falsely identifying this mummy as Nefertiti, since the mummy is a male according to DNA evidence (En Route to the Truth by Mark Rose).

Truly, most of these accounts of Nefertiti's life, identity and mummy are more or less empty speculations, as also Joyce Tyldesley's book, Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen, and quite typical for Egyptology, where rampant speculation is the rule, rather than the exception.

Mark Rose writes:

"The mummy in question was found in 1898 in a sidechamber in the tomb of Amenhotep II, which is designated KV35 in the numbering system for the Valley of the Kings. With the "Younger Woman" (as it is known) were two other mummies (a male youth and the "Elder Woman). All three had been partially dismantled by looters. In another sideroom were nine royal mummies that had been taken from their original tombs and been rewrapped and moved to KV35 by 20th Dynasty priests. Two other mummies, that of Amenhotep II and a unidentified male, and two skulls complete KV35's human inventory."

Who are the mummies found in Tomb KV35 and why do the Egyptologists have so much difficulty in identifying who they were?

To answer that question we first have to correct the Egyptologist's false transcription of Nefertiti's name, originally rendered as Nofretete and now given in "neo-Egyptology" as Nefertiti. Both versions are hopelessly wrong.The correct transcription of the hieroglyphic name of Nefertiti, as we have discovered, is in fact Chetite, i.e. the name means the Hittite Queen, a name which makes sense since at this time there is a flurry of letter exchanges to and from this region, the so-called "Amarna Letters". (Explanation: the hieroglypgh NFR as in NEFERtiti means "breath in the throat", so it is not meant to write NFR out as part of the name, but rather to render it as a "rasping throaty breath" sound.)

We know that Echnaton (=Akhenaten, who is King Saul) obtained a Queen of the Amazons from around the Black Sea as his wife (this was Nefertiti). She was the HITTITE QUEEN. Indeed, when Saul died, it was Nefertiti, under the name Ankhesenamun (= Ahinoam, A(nkh)-he-noam) who asked for a Hittite son to be King of Egypt:

"According to Hittite history, it was during the seige of Carchemish that Suppiluliumas received a message from widowed Queen Ankhesenamun, asking him for one of his sons to be king of Egypt."

Nefertiti was the wife of Echnaton (neo-Egyptological Akhenaten), both wrongly transcribed. Echnaton is actually King Saul of the Bible. Echnaton is Ish-Naton "father Nathan" and his (i.e. Saul's) son Jonathan is "young Nathan", Jo-Naton, so that these were Nathan Sr. and Nathan Jr. One could also view the names as being old (n)Aton and young Aton. Nathan in Hebrew means "gift of God" and compares to Adonis or Adonija.

The name "Saul" was applied biblically to the "Sun King" because Saul is an Indo-European term for "sun", as in the Latvian term Saule meaning "sun". King Saul viz. Echnaton viz. Akhenaten was a sun worshipper and became known to us as the first monotheistic king for this solar worship, which was presumably imported by his Hittite wife.

Nefertiti (correctly "Chetite") is rendered in the Bible as Ahinoam ("daughter of Ahi"), and Ahi was the Egyptian vizier, a Hittite, now transcribed as Ay:

"Nefertiti's origins are confusing. It has been suggested ... that Tiy was also her mother. Another suggestion is that Nefertiti was Akhenaten's cousin. Her wet nurse was the wife of the vizier Ay, who could have been Tiy's brother. Ay sometimes called himself "the God's father," suggesting that he might have been Akhenaten's father-in-law."

As we have discovered, Ay is equivalent to the Biblical priest Ahimaaz, who was the father of Ahinoam (Biblical scholars err in thinking there are two different personages: Ahimaaz, the father of Ahinoam, and also Ahimaaz (Achimas) the son of Zadok - both are the same):

"Ahimaaz: 1. The father Ahinoam, the wife of Saul (1 Sam. 14:50).... 2. The son and successor of Zadok in the office of highpriest (1 Chr. 6:8, 53). On the occasion of the revolt of Absalom he remained faithful to David, and was of service to him in conveying to him tidings of the proceedings of Absalom in Jerusalem (2 Sam. 15:24-37; 17:15-21). He was swift of foot, and was the first to carry to David tidings of the defeat of Absalom, although he refrained, from delicacy of feeling, from telling him of his death (2 Sam. 18:19-33)."

Noam in Hebrew means "pleasant, gentle, sweet, kind, and tender" and noam is actually the "male" version of no'omi, i.e. Naomi, so that a later Biblical gender change has occurred in this name. Nefertiti is translated similarly by the Egyptologists as "the beautiful one". Ahinoam is translated as "brother of pleasantness" which of course can not be right since this is a female. Accordingly, the name of the Hittite Queen was NAOMI "the pleasant one".

Biblical scholars also err in thinking that there are two Ahinoams, i.e. Naomis, one Ahinoam as the wife of Saul and Ahinoam of Jezreel (Israel) as the wife of David. Obviously, these are one and the same person, as David took the wife of Saul (Nefertiti) into his court upon Saul's death.

Hence, it is quite clear from the above analysis that the "Elder Woman" [Mummy 61070, as cataloged by the Egyptian Museum in Cairo] from tomb KV35 is Nefertiti, as correctly suggested by Susan E. James in her 2003 KMT article (Susan E. James, In a "Secret Chamber" in the Valley of the Kings: Dueling "Nefertitis"!, KMT, a Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, 2003, Vol 14(3), pp. 22-29).

That mummy is not, as generally and erroneously believed to be, Queen Tiye, the wife of Amenhotep III. Rather the Elder Woman in KV35 is Naomi, the Hittite Queen, known to us as Nofretete or Nefertiti.

We also make here an aside on the only female Pharaoh: We agree with Donald P. Ryan that the reddish-blonde haired mummy of a woman found on the floor of Tomb 60 is Hatshepshut, together with her half-sister Neferura, the other female mummy found there. According to our research Hatshepshut is the Biblical Deborah who is called the woman of Lapidoth, a term erroneously assumed by some to be her husband, but elsewhere the term Lapidoth is correctly interpreted as "woman of fiery spirit", and is thus a reference to her red hair. Ramses II was also red-haired. The Pharaohs of Egypt definitely did not originally come from Egypt.

The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt - German Version

2005-10-15T22:04:00.000+02:00

The German version of the article on the Cult of Horus was published under the title:

"Zum Ursprung des Horus-Glaubens im vordynastischen Ägypten"

in the German periodical Efodon Synesis, Issue 5, Sept./Okt. 2005, Vol. 12, Nr. 71, pp. 19-31.

The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt - Page 33 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

2005-10-15T21:16:00.000+02:00

The Cult of Horus and the Origins of Astronomy - Nr. 33 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

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The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt - Page 32

2005-10-15T21:14:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus
in Predynastic Egypt - Page 32

The world tree of this relief palette marks the line of the winter-solstice. The bird, a falcon, marks Ursa Minor. The crocodile is the early Egyptian symbol for the constellation Draco, as also carved as a lizard on Rock 11 of the Extern Stones in Germany.

Found additionally on the relief palette are two antelopes. The ibis and antelope symbolized the constellation Capricorn, where the winter-solstice occurred ca. 3000 B.C.

That the antelopes on the palette portray the stars of Capricorn is found confirmed by Richard Hinckley Allen. Allen writes about the stars of Capricorn:[64]

"It was thus shown [as a goat] on some Egyptian zodiacs; although on that of Denderah it appears in its double form, where "an ibis-headed man rides on Capricornus...."
Jewish Rabbis asserted that the tribe of Naphtali adopted this sign as their banner emblem, -"Naphtali is a hind let loose," - as if Capricorn were a deer, or antelope...."

Figure 24: Protodynastic Falcon on a Falcon Standard

We finish with a quotation about the falcon’s role in ancient Egypt (our translation):[65]

"Already in the Protodynastic period, the king is represented on official monuments, palettes and relief-designed mace-heads, all fronted by the Horus falcon standard bearers. This is a group of usually four priests carrying four long standards surmounted by carved figures of their gods.

The [above pictured] small falcon is a miniature version of such a carved top of a standard, as evidenced by the original hole on its underside. On the basis of its ducked posture, this falcon belongs to the oldest known falcon representations, whose evolution over time is substantiated unbroken by the oldest inscriptions. From the "falcon name" of a prehistoric ruler, the oldest title of kings developed, Falcon = Horus."

It is a title of kings, taken from the stars.
__________
[64] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 138.
[65] Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, .p. 41.

The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt - Page 31

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The Origin of the Cult of Horus
in Predynastic Egypt - Page 31

Another confirmation of our analysis is provided by a "Relief Palette Fragment", found today in the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, pictured in Grimm and Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit:[63] [At the Beginning of Time]:

Figure 23: Protodynastic Palette Relief Fragment – SAS, Munich

This palette relief fragment shows the classic symbols of the summer solstice ca. 3000 B.C. The sun is represented as a round circle, flanked by two lions with overlong but not intertwined necks. Grimm and Schoske write: (our translation) "the upper part is formed by a reclining ungulate." This ungulate [hoofed animal], a bull, represents the constellation Ursa Major. In later times, this was portrayed only by a bull shank (lower leg).

That ungulate is shown in reverse on the palette back side. That makes sense, since we are then viewing Ursa Major from the other side. The ribs of the bull correspond to the fence-like enclosures on other artifacts, as found on the serekhs.
__________
[63] Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, p. 37.

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10. Other Supporting Evidence: We have come Full Circle

A strong indicator of the correctness of our previous calendric interpretations relating to Narmer and Khasekhemwy is the so-called "Chronology Tablet" (Jahrestafel) of Narmer.[62]

Figure 22: Chronology Tablet (Jahrestafel) of Narmer

The portrayed "deceased" represents the bygone years. Narmer is heaven’s pole, accompanied by important constellations. The @-shaped signs meant 60 rather than 100 in early Egypt, so 180 years have elapsed prior to Narmer [and the arrival of the followers of Horus in Egypt], giving us the year ca. 3300 B.C. for Dynasty 0, which corresponds well to the archaeological findings.
__________
[62] Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, p. 3.

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9. The Cult of Horus, the Falcon, after Calendar-Reform

The falcon serekhs were retained by the Pharaohs up to Pharaoh Huni (Kerperis), the last king of the 3rd Dynasty. Thereafter, the Pharaohs of the 4th Dynasty, the astronomy-oriented pyramid builders, began to write their names into round, modernly so-called cartouches. These were based on the Pharaonic shen-Ring rather than the falcon serekh.

The shen has been described as a round rope without start or end, as a symbol for eternity. This ring is often represented as being in the clutches of Horus, the falcon, or Mut, the vulture, who hover over it as protectors:[59]

"[Shen is a] loop of rope that has no beginning and no end, it symbolized eternity. The sun disk is often depicted in the center of it. The shen also seems to be a symbol of protection. It is often seen being clutched by deities in bird form, Horus the falcon, Mut the vulture. Hovering over Pharaohs head with their wings outstretched in a gesture of protection. The word shen comes from the word "shenu" which means "encircle," and in its elongated form became the cartouche which surrounded the king's name."

Maria Carmela Betrò writes in this regard (we translate the German):[60]

"Already in the representations of the 1. Dynasty, where the shen ring is still empty inside, the gods extend the magic ring to the Pharaoh. Very soon, however, at the end of the 2nd Dynasty and the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, one begins to write the mundane name of the king within the ring."

The cartouche thus represents heaven’s precessional "circulating" center and gradually replaces the falcon serekh of Ursa Minor. In his book, Der Sturz des göttlichen Falken [Fall of the Godly Falcon],[61] Peter H. Schulze writes (we translate from the German) that "Ever since the 3rd Dynasty, Rê...more and more took the place of Horus as the god of the world and creation...so that its appearance in the title of the king was logical...." Schulze refers to an old Egyptian papyrus (our translation):

Behold, he who was interred as a falcon [the embodiment of Horus],
is torn from his coffin....
Behold, things have gone so far,
that the powerful serpent diadem of Rê [Uräus on the king’s crown] has fallen.

Both the heavens as well as the calendar of seasons had shifted. The era of the falcon was gone.
__________
[59] See Richard Deurer, Egyptian Symbols and Definitions, Egypt and Art.
[60] Maria Carmelo Betrò, Heilige Zeichen, Gustav Lübbe Verlag, Bergisch Gladbach, 1996, p. 195, originally as Geroglifici, Arnoldo Mondadori, Mailand, available also in English as Hieroglyphics.
[61] Peter H. Schulze, Der Sturz des göttlichen Falken: Revolution im Alten Ägypten, Pawlak Verlag, Herrsching, 1986.

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The two circular @-shaped hieroglyphs over the nine decimal hieroglyphs for the decimal 1s (ones) are read incorrectly twice by the Egyptologists. On the one hand, they erroneously see these hieroglyphs as a decimal part of the number below. That is wrong. If these two hieroglyphs were integral parts of that number, the Pharaohs would have written them that way. The Egyptologists argue that the unusual numeric Pharaonic notation found here was thus adopted for "reasons of beauty". Nonsense.

Erroneous is also the reading of the @-shaped hieroglyphs as 100’s, which in fact they were in much later dynasties. Here they stand for 60’s, i.e. 2 x 60 days = 120 intercalary (leap) days. It appears as if this hieroglyph might derive from the similar Sumerian numeric symbol for 60 (or vice versa). We must emphasize that there is no dispute with the fact that the @-shaped hieroglyph represented 100s and that the nail-formed hieroglyph represented 10000s, but in much later dynasties. However, in Khasekhemwy’s day, these numbers were not yet decimally standardized. In 2638 B.C., their decimal value depended on their placement only.[57]

Duncan J. Melville writes that the Sumerian locking of symbols to specific fixed decimal place values occurred only at the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. (2000 B.C.). Prior to that, there was much variation:[58]

"By about 3000 BC, the Sumerians were drawing images of tokens on clay tablets....

Ten cones equaled one small circle, six small circles equaled one big cone, ten big cones was a big cone with a circle inside it, six of those was a large circle and ten large circles was given by a large circle with a small circle inside...."

[Here we have a drawing similar to one in Melville at this juncture:]

"... a single sign might be used in several systems, where it could mean different multiples of the base unit. In particular, the small circle could mean 6, 10 or 18 small cones, depending on context....

The final step in this story, occurring probably some time in the Ur III period, right at the end of the third millennium, was the introduction of a sexagesimal place value system.

The price paid [for this system] was that a vertical wedge could now mean 1, or 60 (6x10), or 3600 (60x60), and so on. Its actual value was determined by its place." [emphasis added]

Surely it was similar in the Old Kingdom of the Pharaohs. 4 – 7 – 9.
__________
[57] See Duncan J. Melville, Bibliography of Mesopotamian Mathematics and Duncan J. Melville, Sumerian metrological numeration systems.
[58] Duncan J. Melville, Sumerian metrological numeration systems.

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The casualties that are portrayed at the side of the pedestal to Khasekhemwy’s statue symbolize the dead, expired years. It is quite clear that the first nail-formed hieroglyph, written four times consecutively, stands for four 100’s and not for four 10000’s. The seven middle flower-shaped hieroglyphs represent seven 10’s. This is not disputed. The nine left "stick" hieroglyphs represent nine 1’s. This is also not disputed. The number represented here is thus the number 479 and not, as the Egyptologists would have us believe, he number 40079. A study of the magnified hieroglyphs confirms our analysis.

Figure 20 (ab0ve):
Khasekhemwy and his Numbers (slightly magnified)
.

Figure 21 (above):
Khasekhemwy and his Numbers (strongly magnified)

The individual numbers from the right to the left are 4-7-9 = 479 years, plus 120 days intercalated (2x 60), the @-shaped hieroglyphs. These numbers are clear. The Pharaohs would never have written the number 40279 this way, with 100's between the 10's and 1's, above the 1's.

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As further proof of Khasekhemwy’s calendar reform, four intercalated months are found listed in the Turin Canon (Turin Papyrus) for the Pharaoh Sethenis. The chroniclers of the Pharaohs otherwise only list the full years of reign of a pharaoh, but never the months. This absolute exception from the rule involves the 4 x 30 day intercalation which was made between the reign of Pharaoh Sethenis (Seth-Peribsen) and Pharaoh Necherophis, also known as Zazai = Khasekhemwy.

The last and surest proof for the calendar-reform is the famed statue of Khasekhemwy himself. The intercalation of 120 days after the elapse of 479 years is engraved at the foot of Khasekhemwy’s statue.

Figure 19: Khasekhemwy and his Calendric Statue

The numbers (see subsequent magnifications) are to be read from the right to the left. The Egyptologists have erred in believing that the right-hand hieroglyph stands for "10000 ". They assume that this hieroglyph in Khasekhemwy’s day already had a fixed decimal place value. There is no proof to support this assumption. The Egyptologists erroneously think that the numeric hieroglyphs on Khasekhemwy’s statue represent the number 40279, the alleged number of enemies killed during Khasekhemwy’s reign. That is impossible. Not even Napoleon had more than 50000 soldiers when he invaded Africa. In the year 2638 B.C., in an era of much smaller populations, more than 40000 enemies killed is simply too many. No one in antiquity counted dead enemies to this exactness – for what possible reason?

The hieroglyphs actually count the dead, bygone 479 years.

[Outside the scope of the article is our linguistic theory for that practice. The Pharaohs were Indo-Europeans, as we have long alleged. In ancient Indo-European on the basis of Latvian we can observe that the term for "enemies killed in battle" is kautie whereas the homophonic term for "years anno" is gadi, which we presume is rooted in the related terms gaid-/gait- "pace, the passage of time"- and this is the linguistic origin of this homophonic depiction.

We find a similar, quite humorous problem in the ridiculous idea - shared by Egyptologists, ancient Near East and Biblical scholars - that when sheep are depicted in ancient documents together with numbers, that the ancients (insomniacs?) are counting sheep. Chumps! In Indo-European on the basis of Latvian the term AITA is a sheep and the homophonic IETI (also in Greek) means "to go, passage (of time). Hence, in view of all of that sheep-counting that the scholars have been doing, they better get back to their drawing boards and retranslate everything having to do with sheep, because the sheep are determinatives for a TIME count of some kind within the meaning of the particular document.]

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The oldest similar representation of heaven as containing dog-like animals is found in the Cucuteni Culture 4500-3500 B.C. (northeast Romania). As below, heavenly snakes or eels or worms are surrounded by four dogs. These dogs have substantial similarity with the later Seth in Egypt:[55]

Figure 18: Painted Conic Vessel, Cucuteni Culture, 4500-3500 B.C.

As noted by Richard Hinckley Allen, Seth also has been equated with the stellar constellation of Ursa Minor. Allen writes[56] that the old Egyptians equated the Jackal of Set with the circumpolar constellations "even as late as the Denderah zodiac". Seth is also portrayed in the Ramesseum.

Allen writes that the representation of the jackal in the Ramesseum has great similarity to Ursa Minor. Allen is of the opinion that Seth as a dog-like animal had something to do with the circumpolar stars for a long time prior to that. Plutarch equates Seth with "Anubis, Apap, Apepi, Bes, Tebba, Temha, and Typhoeus", pointing to a relation to the Dragon (lizard, snake), which in Egypt first was represented as a crocodile or serpent. Plutarch also notes that the Phoenicians called Seth Doube or Döbher. This would then perhaps have been Thuban in then Ursa Minor.

8. Khasekhemwy Carries out the required Calendar-Reform

Pharaoh Khasekhemwy understood that neither Seth nor Horus, the falcon, were responsible for the calendric difficulties of the Pharaohs, but rather the calendar-makers themselves. Accordingly, Khasekhemwy carried out the necessary calendric correction of adding 4 x 30 days.

He inserted the necessary 120 intercalary (leap) days as "year-days", symbolized through four purely monthly "calendric kings": Chaires, Nepercheris, Sesochris, and Cheneres, none of whom actually reigned in real life. That is why these kings are not found on the list of kings at Abydos and also are not archaeologically verifiable up to this day.
__________
[55] Marija Gimbutas, Die Sprache der Göttin: Das verschüttete Symbolsystem der westlichen Zivilisation, Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt, 1998, p.161, originally The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization.
[56] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 450.

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7. A dog-like Seth and Horus the Falcon

We now can connect the names and serekhs of the Pharaohs to our original discussion of the fact that the North Celestial Pole for the first Pharaohs was found in the stars of Ursa Minor, protected by its guards, the stars Kochab and Pherkad, symbolized as falcons.

Figure 17: The Calendar Reform of Khasekhemwy

Allen writes about Horus[53] that it represents one of the oldest heavenly "myths".[54] The desert peoples, on the other hand, saw the North Celestial Pole as a herd of camels, protecting themselves in a ring against the attack of the hyenas or the jackals. In this manner, the jackal and the hyena, as Seth, entered the Pharaonic heavens as foreign symbols. The original symbol of the falcon now had competition at the center of heaven.
__________
[53] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 434.
[54] Marija Gimbutas writes that a falcon-like heveanly bird goddess is in evidence for the peoples of Europe from the very earliest of times. Is that the Pharaonic Horus origin? Marija Gimbutas, Die Sprache der Göttin: Das verschüttete Symbolsystem der westlichen Zivilisation, Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt, 1998, originally The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization.

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6. Calendar Reform was Long Overdue after 479 years

After 479 years (i.e. in Pharaonic year 480), which was at the time of the Pharaoh Khasekhemwy in Egypt, the calendar, since Narmer’s establishment of that calendar, was a full 120 days in error. The seasons no longer agreed with actual time. A calendar reform was sorely needed.

At the same time, the North Celestial Pole's actual position had moved by nearly 7 degrees in the heavens, and the solstices and the equinoxes had similarly moved with respect to the stars in the heavens (these shift 1 degree every 72 years). The deviation of the civil calendar from the actual "heavenly" calendar was surely clearly apparent to all and surely gave reason to doubt the heavenly falcon's supreme position. In other words, the inaccurate calendar in use gave rise to a calendric crisis between the godly falcon, Horus, and the usurper, Seth, represented by desert peoples in Egypt as a dog-like animal, i.e. either a dog, hyena or a jackal.

Figure 16: The Second Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt

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Manetho gave the reigns of pharaohs in full years only, leaving the months of partial years unaccounted for. That would be approximately six months per king (the average from 0 to 12), which would extend the total chronology for the first 13 Pharaohs by ca. 6 years. Therefore, I have added 1 year every two kings to the calculated chronology of Manetho.

Figure 15: The First Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
The Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom divided the year up into 12 months of 30 days each, plus 5 days at the end = 365 days. Our modern 365-day calendar is similar, except that we add February 29 every four years[52] for a year of 366 days, since the actual year is ca. 365.25 days. Without such a calendric correction, the calendar would quickly come into disarray, lacking one day to actual seasonal time every four years.
__________
[52] See here e.g. Leap year, Wikipedia.

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The solar eclipse is represented by Narmer’s dark enemy. Narmer is protected to the right by the falcon of heaven above. We read the graphic elements with the falcon as HR-M(r)DZ "God of Light", as in the later Persian Ahura Mazda. The defeated enemy kneels before Narmer. This enemy is identified by the hieroglyphs as ANG(r)-MEN, i.e. "Angru Mainyu", the later "Ahriman", or the "God the Darkness". These are the two opponents of the much later teachings of Zarathustra (Zoroaster).[46] The back side of the Narmer Palette therefore shows the victory of light over the powers of the eclipse. Perhaps this was the origin of the later Persian cuneiform view that Capricorn was "the father of the light".[47]

5. The Sequence and Significance of the Horus Names of the early Pharaohs after Narmer are interpreted as "Heavenly Houses".[48]

The previous analysis puts us in a position to be able to read and understand the sequence and meaning of the mainstream Horus Names of the early Pharaohs.[49] Pharaoh means "big house" in Pharaonic language and the Pharaoh’s name should thus be understood to apply to a heavenly house. All Horus Names mark a particular stellar region of the heavens, which was assigned to each Pharaoh as his starry realm.

Figures 15 and 16 show the hieroglyphic Horus Names of the Pharaohs in the left column. The middle column shows the transcription (writing) of these Horus Names in Latin letters by the Egyptologists, accompanied under that by our astronomical explanation of these Horus Names.

Each Horus Name Corresponds to an Area of the Heavens, similar to our division of the sky into Constellations of the Zodiac.

In the right column, the dating of the reign of each Pharaoh is noted. The right column shows also Manetho’s[50] originally Greek-written names of the Pharaohs in Latin letters, as well as the lengths of reign assigned to these individual kings by Manetho.[51] All of these names have astronomical meaning and help to explain Horus Names as having an astronomical origin. Since the months are missing in Manethos reigns, I have calibrated the chronology to account for these missing months.
__________
[46] A. Smith, Angra Mainyu.
[47] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 139.
[48] Narmer used to be regarded almost everywhere in Egyptology as the first king of Dynasty 1. Now many Egyptologists erroneously count him to a non-existent Dynasty 0. Correct is that Narmer marks the beginning of the first long-term human calendar, initiated by a solar eclipse at sunrise at the winter solstice on December 25, 3117 B.C. Kings prior to Narmer were not part of this new era, which Narmer began.
[49] Peter A. Clayton, Die Pharaonen: Herrscher und Dynastien im alten Ägypten, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1995. The original in english is Chronicle of the Pharaohs.
[50] Manetho was an Egyptian priest under Ptolemy I (ca. 300 B.C.) who divided up Egyptian history into 30 dynasties. He wrote the names of the Egyptian kings in Greek letters, which we give here in Latin letters. See e.g. http://www.selket.de/ahnenfor.htm.
[51] See Manetho & the King Lists at http://www.egyptologyonline.com/manetho.htm and LexiLine at http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi20.htm and http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi156.htm

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I am of the opinion that the three "world-calendars", Maya, Pharaonic, and Hindu, whose start is today dated to the astronomical years -3100, -3113 and -3102 respectively, all had the same common origin and that the date discrepancies are based on miscalculations made by scholars over the millennia. Christine Moore of the Supreme Yoga Council writes in this regard:[45]

"It is noteworthy that the date of 3102 BC ... appears to have been important in the traditions of Ancient Egypt, Central America and other Ancient Civilisations ... the year 3101 BC commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Similarly, in the Maya tradition of Central America, 3114 BC marks the beginning of a New World Age."

The Narmer Palette shows that a new calendar was established:

Figure 14:
The Narmer Palette, front side, top, shows heaven's center

The Narmer Palette, front side, top, represents the center of heaven.Min = Menes "change of time ". The bull Wpt represents heaven.Nar-mer viz. Miz-Mar is the "sovereign of the pole", literally "king of Heaven and Earth",which are now united as Nar (Milky Way) and Mer (Earth).The four standard-bearers show the four cardinal points of the sky.Ursa Major was regarded as the ancient heavenly cup or enclosure for the deceased.

4. The Rear Side of the Narmer Palette (see Figure 10)

As shown, the front side of the Narmer Palette has an astronomical, calendric significance. What about the back side? The back side of the Narmer palette (figure 10) shows Narmer as the "sovereign of heaven's pole" vanquishing the solar eclipse. The God of Light defeats the God of Darkness. As written by David Talbott (Footnote 36): "To the Egyptians, the celestial enclosure possessed the magical quality of protecting the inhabitants from the dark...."
__________
[45] Christine Moore, The Indian (Hindu) Calendar and Kali Yuga.

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The lowermost part of the front side of the Narmer Palette shows the exact location in the stars at which the solar eclipse took place. It occurred in the stars of Capricorn, near the star Deneb Algiedi. A bull hovers over the defeated enemy. On the oldest artifacts, such beaten enemies always mark the bygone years, so our discovery.

The oldest known human symbols for the stars of Capricorn are all bull-like animals, indicating a common origin for this star symbol. The Chinese, for example, first marked Capricorn by a bull or ox, the Hindus had an antelope and the people of ancient Mesopotamia had an ibex, as also the NAR-mer related term NIRu, the yoke, for Capricorn.[41]

Starry Night Pro 3.0 correctly represents this solar eclipse. Later versions have apparently altered the Delta-T value (speed of the rotation of the earth over time) so that it now looks as if the eclipse takes place around midnight rather than sunrise on December 25, 3117 B.C. That is wrong. The Delta-T value used in Starry Night Pro 3.0 was correct.

Years ago I corrected the Maya dating and thereby determined that December 25, 3117 B.C. marked the start of the first long-term human calendar.[42] According to conventional theory, the Maya calendar "began in the dark" [In my opinion, this was the darkness of a solar eclipse,] at 13 Baktun 4 Ahau 8 Cumku. Those three calendar units in each case mark the end viz. the begin of a new calendric count. It is a date that mainstream Maya researchers wrongly interpret as August 13, 3114 B.C., a date without any astronomical significance whatsoever, which is simply unthinkable for ancient calendration. The Maya scholars have chosen this date without making leap year-corrections (!), the most elementary and necessary application of calendric calibration. That is where the mistake in Maya chronology is to be found.[43]

Armin Naudit writes respecting the Maya calendar:[44]
[our translation]

"An exact determination [of Maya chronology] is not possible, since we know in the interim that the Maya used a 360-day calendar for a long time, but later also a calendar having 365.25 days....
The Mayas fixed this date [the start of the calendar] for unknown reasons. G. Ifra writes… 'It was said that the reason was cosmic-catastrophic. Only a very extraordinary astronomical event could have given rise to the start of such a long-term calendar tradition.'"

Exactly! The event was indeed astronomically singular and spectacular. It was a solar eclipse at sunrise at the winter solstice. The date was December 25, 3117 B.C.
__________
[41] R. H. Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Dover, NY, 1963, pp. 138-139.
[42] See LexiLine, THE MAYA CALENDAR, PIEDRAS NEGRAS, and HALLEY'S COMET at LexiLine.
[43] See LexiLine.
[44] Armin Naudit, Der Mayakalender und sein katastrophischer Hintergrund, EFODON-SYNESIS, Nr. 10/1995.

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One can verify that stars were represented in ancient Egypt by means of small squares - as on the bottom of the front side of the Narmer Palette - by examining the Abydos City Palette, located in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Also here, we have deciphered the astronomical meaning:

Figure 13: The Abydos "City Palette"

In the graphic above, I have placed the stars of the appropriate constellations beside the corresponding hieroglyphs, for example, the Pleiades, Orion, Cancer, Virgo. Small squares clearly represent stars.

3. The Front Side of the Narmer Palette shows the Solar Eclipse of December 25, 3117 B.C.

The middle part of the front side of the Narmer Palette (figure 12) shows the solar eclipse of December 25, 3117 B.C. Two lion-like animals, who symbolize the sun, are in battle. With their artistically formed overlong intertwined necks, they show the intertwined "O-Form" of the total solar eclipse.

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Figure 11 (above):
The Narmer Palette front side, middle, shows a solar eclipse.
The Sun is encircled (and blotted out) by the long-necked lions.

Figure 12 (above): The Narmer Palette, front side, bottom.
This shows that the solar eclipse occurred in the stars of Capricorn
near the star Deneb Algiedi.
That was unequivocally December 25, 3117 B.C.
The small squares on the Narmer Palette mark stars of the heavens,
and these are the stars of Capricorn.

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2. The Horus Falcon Name of Narmer means:
"Sovereign of the Pole"

The First Pharaonic Dynasty starts with Pharaoh Narmer (Nir-Mr), whose serekh (royal name enclosure) has also been found in present-day Israel.[39] Our research shows that at the beginning of the Pharaonic dynasties, Narmer was represented as "the sovereign of the pole", this perhaps even indicating an origin of the Pharaohs from the North.

The Mesopotamian name of the pole star Mismar[40] is possibly written out as Mis-Mar on the world-famous Narmer Palette in the hieroglyphs on the right side. Indeed, we read M-Z M-R. Could the name Nar-MER be related linguistically to the name Mis-MAR? and/or is one of these readings false, both being the same?The Narmer Palette is shown below. For the first time ever, this Palette is deciphered subsequently as the astronomy of the Pharaohs, who are uniting two kingdoms, those of heaven and earth.

Figure 10: The world-famed Narmer Palette
Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Mainstream archaeology dates Narmer to approximately 3100 B.C. Similarly, our research indicates that the first calendar of mankind started exactly on December 25, 3117 B.C. when a total solar eclipse was visible at sunrise at the winter solstice point, an incredible astronomical event. Narmer represents this event and date. As we show here, this astronomical event is clearly documented on the Narmer Palette.
__________
[39] Thomas E. Levy, Edwin C.M. van den Brink, Yuval Goren and David Alon, New Light on King Narmer and the Protodynastic Egyptian Presence in Canaan, Biblical Archaeology [now Near East Archaeologist], 1995 Volume 58, Number 1. See http://weber.ucsd.edu/Depts/Anthro/classes/tlevy/Tillah/recent.html.
[40] R. H. Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 457.

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C. The Horus Falcon Names of the Egyptian Kings

1. The Horus Falcon Names are a Calendar of Kings:
The Calendar begins on December 25, 3117 B.C.
(= astronomically the year -3116).

The interpretation of the names of Egyptian kings has been a point of dispute among Egyptologists for quite some time.[37] Our discovery that the Horus falcon marked heaven’s celestial pole in predynastic Egypt suggests that the Horus names of the Egyptian kings were astronomical in nature. We have found that these names of kings - written below the falcon in the serekh - claimed certain heavenly stellar regions as the king's realm of reign. These heavenly regions basically correspond to the modern Zodiac in principle, delineating a particular part of the heavens. The Horus names of kings were therefore a type of calendar of kings. Using that calendar, one can determine the reigns of the early Pharaonic kings astronomically.

Start of the calendar
Figure 9: The solar eclipse of December 25, 3117 B.C.
It took place at sunrise on the day of the winter-solstice, an auspicious event that well-served to mark the start of time recordation. This eclipse is dated according to Starry Night Pro 3, but not by later versions of that software astronomy program since Delta T appears to have been changed by the programmers in the interim and made less accurate than it was.[38] The Delta-T value is disputed among astronomers, but it gives changing values over time for the rate of spin of the Earth, which rate affects the exact time and location of ancient solar eclipses, whose accuracy is therefore not accepted by mainstream astronomers much beyond about 600BC. Based on the material following, we think this eclipse is confirmed in the Egyptian sources.
__________
[37] See Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, 2nd ed., von Zabern, Mainz, 1999.
[38] Starry Night Pro 3.

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[This material on Akhet is very speculative since the only source at my disposal shows only ONE mountain as the north celestial pole in ancient Egypt. It is also not critical to the main discussion.]

Aakhut [=Egge?, =Achu? Akhet] is possibly mistranslated by Egyptologists as "horizon" whereas it actually seems in the Old Kingdom to mark the domicile of RA at night. Budge first translated akhet as horizon in the context of the Sun revolving around it, but the Sun does not revolve around the horizon. That is astronomically false. The sun revolves around the north celestial pole (as all stars do). (See Gerald S. Hawkins, Stonehenge Decoded, p. 96.) Akhet is thus originally possibly the heavenly mountain domicile of the Sun - it is not the Sun alledgedly rising between two mountains, which is how the appropriate later hieroglyph is interpreted. Why in Egypt where there are no mountains would the horizon possibly be so portrayed? We have the similar symbol widely found also on Minoan Crete. These two summits at midheaven would be:

1) the North Ecliptic Pole (which never changes), and

2), the North Celestial Pole, the changeable pole we call the Pole Star, which is not always marked exactly by a particular star and where the position of the pole star is determined by precession.

I have been able to find an ancient representation from Egypt of the heavenly throne in the center of the heaven, guarded by one or more falcons. However, it has only one mountian.

The artefact below was found in the year 1995 in the western desert of Egypt and is shown here as deciphered by this author in 2005.

The assignment of the individual symbols to the respective stars manifests my unequivocal interpretation of the meaning of the symbols.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN SKY MAP (PLANISPHERE)

Figure 8: Sky map, Western Desert, Ancient Egypt

Above, one can clearly see that the center of heaven is represented as a mountain-like or stool-like summit or throne, guarded by falcons.

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This "protective enclosure" is present in the myths of many cultures... represented by many symbols… in Egypt for example as Aakhut.[36]
__________
[36] David Talbott, On Testing the Polar Configuration, in the most complete summary that we have been able to find of ancient sources relating to the stars at heaven's center, writes:

"Because the north celestial Pole is its pivot or center, it is the polar configuration...."

[Heaven's Center as the "Eye of Heaven"]
"The Egyptian Book of the Dead reads: "I am the lord of the crown. I am in the Eye, my egg. My seat is on my throne. I sit in... the pupil of the Eye...."

[Heaven's Center as a Protective Enclosure. Settlement or Temple of Heaven]
"[T]he Hebrew celestial Jerusalem, "Sublime in elevation in the uttermost north. . .the City of the King; the Chinese "Imperial City," defined as an enclosure around the north celestial Pole; the Hindu celestial city of Brahma, "the all-containing city" at the celestial Pole.... To the Egyptians, the celestial enclosure possessed the magical quality of protecting the inhabitants from the dark [see Narmer later] and chaotic forces outside the enclosure, and this simple fact will explain why the enclosure was conceived as a shield....."

[Heaven's Center as a Column or Mountain]
"The Hindus knew the famous mountain as Meru, on whose summit stood the primeval dwelling of the gods. In the beginning this "golden mountain" or "jewelled peak" rose in the cosmic sea to serve as a universe pillar holding aloft the celestial city of Brahma. Around the summit of this axis-mountain turned the starry heavens.

Chinese myth recalls a similar mount.... On the summit of Kwen-Lun stood the great palace of Shang-ti, the universal emperor at the celestial Pole ... Tze-wei, "a celestial space around the north Pole."

The Japanese recalled the world mountain Shumi, described as "a fabulous mountain of wonderful height, forming the axis of every Universe, and the center around which all the heavenly bodies revolve ....

According to the Zend Avesta, "The Maker Ahura Mazda [see Narmer later] has built up a dwelling on the Hera-Berezaiti, the bright mountain around which the many stars revolve....

Altaic races remember the cosmic mountain whose "peak rises to the sky at the North Star where the axis of the sky is situated, and where, on the peak, the dwelling of the Over-god and his 'golden throne' are situated." This was "at the navel of heaven, on the peak of the famous mountain.

The Greek Olympos, where stood the original city of the gods and home of Kronos ... was the "wholly shining," a cosmic mountain rising into the fiery aether and called the "navel" and "axis" of the world.

The Hebrew celestial Jerusalem stood on the summit of the cosmic Zion, after which the Hebrews named the local hill in Palestine. "Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised in the city of our God, in the mountain of his holiness. Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is mount Zion." "Mt. Zion, thou 'far reaches of the North,' an emperor's citadel.

Many remarkable counterparts to these traditions will be found in the myths and symbols of the New World. One of the better known instances is the White or Shining Mountain Colhuacan, recognized by many writers as a polar column. On the summit of Colhuacan dwelt the original divine race [Achu, the demigods]. The Omaha recall... "the great white rock, standing and reaching as high as the heavens, enwrapped in mist, verily as high as the heavens. In the Eskimo tradition the world of the gods is situated above a great mountain around which the celestial bodies revolve...."

[Heaven's Center as a Mountain, Column (Pole), Phallus, Serpent, World Tree, Bird]
"The hypothesized cosmic mountain could hardly have failed to produce a great variety of symbols.... Taking the most obvious examples, we list these mythical images as the logical and predicted figures of the cosmic column, if such a thing was actually witnessed by ancient man: World Mountain, Pillar, Binding Post, Phallic Column, Serpent-Column, Trunk of the World Tree....

Egyptian symbolism presents the four life-bearing streams as the Four Sons of Horus, identified as "four blustering winds," "four blazing flames" or fourstreams of water. But the same figures are presented as "four pillars of heaven" placed at the four corners of the celestial habitation.... [T]he outstretched wings of the thunderbird or winged god or goddess, signified the same thing as the cosmic ship, the two peaks of the world mountain .... The stationary god rests within the band of the Aten (presented in its popular form as a circular serpent). Within the enclosure the god's seat is the Aakhut, the two-peaks of the Mountain of Fire-Light."

We disagree with Talbott's main hypothesis in that writing, but his above discussion of ancient mythologies of heaven’s center (the north celestial pole) is superb and that is why we have quoted so much of this eminently important text. See Kronia where that text appears in an extensive article by Talbott "On the Polar Configuration".

Ancient Pole Star - Cheops Pyramid - Kochab Thuban

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Bill McBride, a LexiLine list member, commenting on my posting at 59 LexiLine Newsletter 2005 The Cult of Horus Nr. 4, where I write "Thuban may have been viewed as the pole star ca. 2800-2600 B.C. by the ancients, but we have no evidence of this in available sources....", has written to me as follows:

>Thuban was the north star in Draco during the building
>of the Great pyramid in Giza.
>This can be proven by doing a precession astronomy
>program like Starry Night Pro.

This is a very interesting observation, with an even more interesting answer.
Thank you, Bill, for raising this question.

There is of course no dispute with the fact that the fairly weak visible star Thuban neared the north celestial pole in the 3rd millennium, coming closest to within 10' of that pole ca. 2750 BC, according to Richard Hinckley Allen's Star Names (p. 206).

However, this does not mean 1) that Thuban was at that time assigned to a constellation which is the comparable of Draco today, or 2) that the ancients actually USED Thuban to mark the north celestial pole.
Thuban is simply not bright enough as a star to be used practically for this purpose and that is why the ancients used the nearby Kochab and Pherkad , which are much more visible.

Bill is surely referring to the work of Robert Bauval on the four main shafts of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Bauval claims that these four shafts point to the stars Thuban, Al Nitak, Sirius and Kochab.

But the actual slope of the shafts does not support this contention. As written by Frank Dörnenburg (Doernenburg) at The Orion-Pyramids: Technical Examinations: The Shafts, the following "corrected" years (i.e. corrected from Bauval's figures) represent in fact the years when the actually measured slope of the shafts would have pointed to the selected star (or near it). This is later than what Bauval claims but supports well our own solar eclipse theory and our dates for the pyramids which are more correctly later than anyone else has thus far suggested. See LexiLine.

Dörnenburg writes that Rudolf Gantenbrink determined the slopes of the shafts and that Bauval has not stuck to these consistently and has used some date correction schemes such as "epochs" which are questionable.

The Gantenbrink data applied to the stars results in this data: (columns may skew on the internet)

Star.......Decl......Elev......Shaft......Error.....Nec. Decl....Corr. Year
Thuban.....88°01'....31°57'....32°36'....-39'.......87°20'.......-2326
Al Nitak..-14°49'....44°49'....45°.......-11'......-15°02'......-2496
Sirius....-20°42'....39°20'....39°36'....-16'......-20°26'......-2348
Kochab.....80°38'....39°20'....39°07'....+13'.......80°51'......-2385

Note that the error with respect to Al Nitak, Sirius and Kochab is about the same and that these could well have been sighted directly. The error with respect to Thuban, however, is disproportionately large, and it is possible that the Cheops pyramid was being used to locate the ACTUAL north celestial pole, which at the time of the building of the pyramids was not directly at Thuban - nor do we have any evidence that Thuban was ever used as the "pole star" in this connection. The Giza shaft simply does not point directly at Thuban.

Quite the contrary, what other reason is there to sight Kochab other than that THIS was the traditional pole star in ancient Egypt, and, as Kate Spence (apparently relying in part on Bauval's work) has written, a line through Kochab and Mizar at the time of the building of Cheops marked "true North" and would have aided the ancients in building the Cheops pyramid, which may in fact have been built because of precession as an instrument to determine or verify precession.

There is even the possibility that KOCHAB as a term is identical in origin with the Greek CHEOP-s, i.e. Cheop=Kochab. That Kochab was used as the pole star in distant antiquity is perhaps also substantiated by the fact that KAWKAB means simply "THE star" in Arabic (Arabic الكوكب al-kawkab and is basically the same word as the Hebrew term for "star" which is KOKAB.

Richard Hinckley Allen writes (p.450) that it was Ursa Minor that was called Doube (the "guiding one") by the Phoenicians and not Thuban, whereas, as Allen reports, "Jacob Bryant assigned it [Ursa Minor] to Egypt, or Phoenicia as Cahen ourah [Horus?], -- whatever that may be." Allen writes that "Kochab...perhaps was this star the Greek astronomers called POLOS [pole star]. (p. 450)

We thus have many sources that verify Kochab being used as an ancient polestar and no such sources for Thuban.

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Figure 7: Serekh of the king NEB-RE [Nebra]
Metropolitan Museum (New York)
The mainstream-authoritative British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt describes a "serekh" as follows:[33]

"The term [serekh] is usually employed to refer to a rectangular frame surmounted by the HORUS falcon, within which the king’s 'Horus name' was written.... This frame seems to have effectively symbolized the domain of Horus, the royal residence [as in Figure 7 above]. For a brief period, in the 2nd Dynasty... SETH replaced Horus as the god surmounting the serekh [for the kings Peribsen and Khasekhemwy], thus transforming it into a 'Seth name', but the change was short lived...." [34]

As we explain in great detail later, this short-term replacement of HORUS through SETH is of enormous importance for understanding and interpreting the Horus and Seth names of the Pharaohs as astronomy.

The Egyptologists think that the lower part of the serekh represents a stylized palace facade. In this regard, the Newby Palette of the Double Falcon shows that this "enclosure" was first found above the falcon and thus could not originally have represented a palace on earth.

Rather, the Pharaohs seem to have viewed heaven’s center as a fenced-in "area of the pole star", which was then subsequently used as the insignia for the name of the king.

Furthermore, we suspect that the Egyptian word serekh is related to the Indo-European root term *ser- "protect"[35] as found e.g. in Latvian sarg- "protect, guard" and German Sarg "coffin, protection of the body". The center of heaven was thus seen as a zone protected by the falcon(s).
__________
[33] Serekh, Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, British Museum Press, 1995, p. 261.
[34] See also in German, Horus-Name, "In dem oberen Teil eines sog. Serech (stilisierte Palastfassade...) steht der Horus-Name des Pharaos. Der untere Teil repräsentiert die Palastfassade. Oberhalb des Serechs befindet sich der Horusfalke mit den entsprechenden königlichen Attributen (Verbindung Pharao/Horus). Statt des Horus-Falken kann auch das (mythische) Seth-Tier oberhalb des Serechs erscheinen, wie z.B. bei Peribsen (Seth-Name), einem König der 2. Dynastie.... Ein anderer König derselben Dynastie führt sowohl den Horus-Falken als auch das Seth-Tier auf dem Serech; sein Horus-Seth-Name lautet 'Chasechemui'...."
[35] *ser-1, Indo-European Roots.

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Figure 5: Falcon Palette, Egyptian Collection (SAS), Munich

The following later artefact shows the "double falcon":

Figure 6: The "Double Falcon" as a simplified representation

This simplified representation[30] was surely the initial stage for the later writing of the so-called Horus name[31] of the king. The Horus name was written in a protective serekh,[32] with the Horus falcon above it.
__________
[30] This Double Falcon is from El-Beda in the Northeast Delta Region of Egypt. See http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/dynasty0.htm.
[31] Dr. Zahi Hawass, in "The Falcon God", writes: "The name "HORUS" stems from the ancient Egyptian word hr (her) which in its simple form was the preposition "above", "upon", so Horus the falcon soars above all the land and its inhabitants, and was the natural symbol of the King who reigns over all Egypt....Horus, represented by the hawk, was the god of the Sky, a symbol of divine Kingship, and protector of the ruling King.... Horus was the god of the Nile Delta (Lower Egypt) and Seth was the god of Upper Egypt.... The Kings of predynastic Egypt were known as the Followers of Horus...." http://www.guardians.net/hawass/horus.htm.
[32] See Königstitel, Das alte Ägypten http://www.selket.de/koenigstitel.htm.

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The little-known "Newby Palette" of the "Double Falcon King", dated to approximately 3300-3200 B.C. and found today in the Barbier-Mueller Museum in Geneva, Switzerland,[24] (Figure 4), virtually begins the era of predynastic kings in Egypt.[25]

The Newby Palette is nearly a Pharaonic comparable to Yggdrasil ("rotating column"), the world tree (Weltenbaum) of the ancient Germanic peoples. It is an artefact containing all motives of our present discussion. We interpret it to be the representation of the stars at heaven’s center.

According to Germanic mythology,[26] an eagle (or hawk) Wderfölnir, [instead of a falcon] sits in the crown of the world tree. A snake (or dragon) Nidhögg gnaws at the root of the tree. Another "gnawing toothed animal" (Ratastöskr) [squirrel?], is mentioned:[27]

"The tree Yggdrasil... was the central - both pictorial as well as abstract - construction of the Germanic religion.... Yggdrasil as the central axis connected the worlds of the universe.... Ratastöskr continuously raced up and down the trunk, trying – successfully -to keep in check the permanent battle between the hawk Wderfölnir in the crown of the world tree and the envious dragon (serpent) Nidhögg gnawing at one the three roots of the world tree...."

The Pharaonic Newby Palette[28] shows a similar world view. The two falcons, that I interpret to be the stars Kochab and Pherkad in Ursa Minor, known as "guardians of the pole" in ancient tradition, sit together with the serpent [dragon] and another "gnawing toothed" animal (hyena jackal, wolf or dog) at heaven’s center. Although the place of discovery (provenance) of the Newby Palette in Egypt is not known, its genuineness is verified by a very similar piece in a museum in Munich, Germany, where the falcon on one side is broken off:[29]
__________
[24] Laure Meyer, Métamorphoses de l'Art antique, Archéologia 267 (Dijon, France, April, 1991), pp. 18-25 (fig. p. 20) . Photograph by John D. Degreef. See: http://www.newmessiah.net/Resources/Egypt_Resources/PreDynastic/DoubleFalcon.htm and http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/palettes/nebwy.htm.
[25] See http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/hesyra/egypt/NaqadaIIIB-table.jpg.
[26] Ygg’drasil', E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1898, "In the tree, which drops honey, sit an eagle [hawk, falcon], a squirrel, and four stags. At the root lies the serpent Nithhöggr gnawing it....http://www.bartleby.com/81/17685.html. See also Weltesche: "Vier Hirsche laufen ständig den Stamm entlang und beißen dem Stamm die jungen Knospen ab. Ein Drache mit Namen "Nidhögger" macht das gleiche mit den Wurzel...." http://www.asathor.de/seiten/weltesche.htm.
[27] Alfred Stolz, Schamanen. Ekstase und Jenseitssymbolik, Cologne, 1988 (Dumont Taschenbücher 210). See http://www.physiologus.de/weltenbaum.htm.
[28] "It is also believed that Double Falcon may have ruled in Upper Egypt (Adaima), the Memphite Region (Turah/ Ezbet Luthy), and the Delta and North Sinai (Tell Ibrahim Awad, El-Beda, N. Sinai). It is unclear whether or not he may have established himself a rule of Abydos and the Southern Levant region (Palmahim Quarry). These assumptions are results of the areas in which his serekh was found." See http://www.newmessiah.net/Resources/Egypt_Resources/PreDynastic/DoubleFalcon.htm.
[29] Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); Munich, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, p. 59.

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Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, pp. 2, 11, write:

"The name "Schemesu-Hor" applied to the early kings in the Turin Canon of Kings can be understood quite literally as "Followers of Horus". Neither the number nor sequence of the kings who ruled from "Falcon" to Narmer, the so-called "Dynasty 0", is known exactly at the present time, but one can possibly equate them with the sovereigns having the double crown on the Palermo stone (and its fragments) as well as with the demigods who ruled before First Dynasty." [our translation from the German]

Figure 4:
The Newby Palette [21]
Barbier-Mueller Museum,[22] Geneva
Photograph of the Newby Palette by John D. DeGreef
Decipherment by Andis Kaulins in the year 2005

The predynastic period of the falcon cult (Figure 3) is testified to by many predynastic "falcon serekhs" (serekh = king’s name enclosure) in Egypt, all originating from the period about 3300 to 3100 BC.[23]
__________
[21] Francesco Raffaele, Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt and Newby Palette.
[22] See Barbier Mueller Museum
[23] See Serekhs.

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Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, pp. 2, 11, write:

"The Turin Canon of Kings (Turin Papyrus)... first presents the reigns of gods and then the reigns of the demigods (who were called Achu, the Followers of Horus, i.e. Schemesu-Hor).... Remarkable is... the frequent occurrence of the falcon in the early names of kings.... This preference could... trace back to a special meaning for the falcon-deity.... The process of unification in particular... must have had a very strong effect on those who experienced it and were affected by it. The sovereign falcon (Horus)... must have enjoyed extraordinary prestige.... This led ultimately to the formation of the Horus Name of a king, in which the falcon above the palace facade is not to be regarded as a component of the name, but rather as an epithet or title with programmatic character...." [our translation from the German]

For an image made up of a collage of predynastic falcons go to Francesco Raffaele's Naqada Serekhs.

Figure 3: The source above shows © Francesco Raffaele, 2002-2003, from Francesco Raffaele, Predynastic Falcon Figures, originally published by Francesco Raffaele in 'Dynasty 0', in: S.Bickel-A.Loprieno (eds.) Aegyptiaca Helvetica 17, 2003, 99-141.

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Significant for our discussion of ancient celestial poles is the fact that the Arabic Bedouins in Egypt, instead of a dragon, saw a circle of camels at heaven’s center that was being attacked by hyenas.[16] We can thus understand why the Arabs have a heavenly "wolf" Al-Dhib (Thuban) where Ptolemy places the Draco the dragon. The Arabs did not originally have either dragon or falcon as symbols for heaven’s poles but rather visualized dog-like animals. Thuban (al-Dhib) did not belong to Draco, but rather marked the Arabic center of heaven as either a dog, wolf, jackal or hyena.

We have thus solved one of our two initial problems. The dragon of the ancients did not occupy both heavenly poles but only one pole, the pole of the ecliptic, without the star Thuban.

According to R.H. Allen and Patrick Moore,[17] Kochab and Pherkad, both neighboring stars in Ursa Minor and the brightest stars in the vicinity of the North Celestial Pole, were seen as "the guardians (or guards) of the pole". Kochab (magnitude 2.08), is virtually as bright as the present-day pole star Polaris (1.99). Pherkad has a magnitude of 3.05. In comparison, the more weakly shining Star Thuban has only a magnitude of 3.65. (The lower the magnitude number, the brighter the star.)

It is therefore astronomically understandable that Ursa Minor was seen as the "heavenly throne of the Thor" in Iceland and in Denmark.[18] Lockyer wrote that the traditions of Horus (the Egyptian falcon) and of the prehistoric people of "Hor-she-shu" - or "Schemesu-Hor"- (the Followers of Horus in predynastic Egypt) related in some manner to the stars of Ursa Minor.[19] Is there a connection between them?

In order to find that out, we must take our discussion to predynastic Egypt. Was it actually the falcon that marked the North Celestial Pole (the pole-star) in Egypt in ancient times?

B. The Falcon in Predynastic Egypt

The so-called "Followers of Horus" were the people who first occupied Egypt and who created Pharaonic Civilization, starting in the predynastic era. Horus, the Pharaonic falcon, was not only their "God of the Heavens" but also served as the symbol of the first Pharaonic kings, the Pharaohs, and their predecessors:[20]
__________
[16] Gerardus D. Bouw, Draco the Dragon, Biblical Astronomer, Number 100: "Thus, in Draco, instead of the head of a dragon, they saw a ring of mother camels ... surrounding a baby camel.... The camels were seen protecting the baby from a line of charging hyenas (Al Dhih, q, h, and z)."
[17] Patrick Moore, Grosser Atlas der Sterne, Naumann & Göbel, 2000.
[18] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 450.
[19] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 205.
[20] Alfred Grimm and Sylvia Schoske, Am Beginn der Zeit, Ägypten in der Vor- und Frühzeit; Ausstellungskatalog, Heft 9, Schriften aus der Ägyptischen Sammlung (SAS); München, Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst, 24.12. 2000 - 22.4.2001, pp. 2, 11.

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Figure 2 is a rock drawing from Haugsbyn, somewhat more than 50 km removed from Tanum. It represents the stars at the center of heaven:

1) in the form of the stars of Draco, with the star delta-Draconis, the Arabic Al Tinnin, ("heaven’s serpent, dragon") as the pole of the ecliptic, (represented as an X in a square); and,
2) in form of the stars of Ursa Minor, as stars of the celestial pole (represented at Haugsbyn as a star in an oval). The star Pherkad (near the star Kochab) marks the north celestial pole. The identification is clear, unless the "hammer" is seen to point to the North Star, which would then be Kochab. For our analysis, which is which makes little difference.

In that era - which I date to ca. 3500 B.C. on the basis of the rock drawings - Thuban was not found in the stellar constellation Draco, as one can see in Figure 2. Draco’s tail, as at the Extern Stones, ends at the star iota-Draconis (the star called Edasich).

The illustration above left from Haugsbyn in Sweden comes from the website of Bengt Hemtun. He writes as follows:[12]

"Then I searched for a pole and read that it should be Thuban in Dragon, but it did not fit well. Then I saw the Little Bear at rock 1 in Haugsbyn.... A dominating figure on rock 1 is this and it is perhaps a mirrored Little Bear with a common centre marking on the pole star Koschab .... It became natural to try Koschab as a pole star and it fits for the time 3100 to 1000 BC. It is with the accuracy we need for this solving of the structures."

Hemtun is therefore the opinion that Thuban did not fit the rock drawing as the pole star and that the northern heavenly-pole was rather to be found in the constellation of Ursa Minor at Kochab.[13]

The name Edasich for iota-Draconis comes from the Arabic Al Dhih as well as Al Dikh, the dog-like hyena.[14] It is a word which is easily confused with Al Dibh "Wolf"" and also with Hebrew Da'ah "falcon-like bird". In the Bible, the same Hebrew word was translated as dragon, snake and jackal.[15]
__________
[12] Bengt Hemtun, Backegatan 3 B, Mellerud, S-46430 Sweden, catsha@catshaman.com, phone 046-0530-41925. See http://www.catshaman.com/13Sumerian/03round.htm.
[13] Hemtun is of the opinion that the star Kochab marked the pole star. Kochab is brighter than Pherkad and since the size of the cupmarks reflect the magnitudes (brightness) of the stars,. Kochab appearls to be located under Pherkad, so that Pherkad would mark the pole star position, unless the "hammer" form points to the North Star as being Kochab.
[14] Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Dover, NY, 1963, p. 210, see also JAS, Arabic Star Names.
[15] Gerardus D. Bouw, Draco the Dragon, Biblical Astronomer, Number 100, "The [translations of the] modern versions [of the Bible] avoid dragons like the plague they are. The NASV translates the Hebrew word as a serpent in Deu. 32:33, but then translates the same word as a "jackal" in Isa. 34:13. In Psa. 74:13 the translating committee felt it safe to translate the Hebrew as "sea serpent" but in Jer. 9:11; 14:6; Mic. 1:8, and Mal. 1:3, it’s back to a "jackal" again. For some reason, the committee decided that it’s all right to use "dragon" in Revelation."

Rogue Classicism - An Incomplete Posting on Shaving

2005-10-11T16:35:00.000+02:00

At Rogue Classicism there is a posting on shaving which is excerpted from Tech Central Station and the October 11, 2005 posting "Razor Wars and the Cutting Edge of Technology" by Ralph Kinney Bennett.

At Rogue Classicism, the article on shaving is so excerpted that the Egyptian part is left out, leaving the impression that shaving started with the Etruscans, which is simply not true:

As Bennet writes, "The Egyptians, both men and women, made a fetish of shaving not only their faces but also their heads and any other body hair. Razors of gold and copper have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs."

That paragraph directly precedes the Etruscan part in the original Bennet posting. Why was the Egyptian part left out?

In view of the existing theory (not accepted by the mainstream) that Etruscan civilization took its influence from Egypt via Lydia (which we hold to be clearly true), it is, in our view, not correct to cut off that paragraph in such an otherwise complete excerpt about the history of shaving, because one leaves the false impression that the Etruscans started the practice of shaving in Rome, which simply is not true.

Is history subliminally bent in this manner to dispell contrary theories? Just leave things out that don't fit in with mainstream conceptions?

The Pharaohs were clean-shaven, which tells something about their origins, and that fact alone dispells many theories about the origin of Pharaonic civilization. And they were clean-shaven long before the Etruscans appeared, just across the water.
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Origin of the Cult of Horus - page 5

2005-10-11T00:50:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt - page 5

III. The Falcon and the Dragon in Ancient Astronomy

A. Which stars belonged in ancient days to the constellation Draco and which to the constellation of the Falcon (i.e. Ursa Minor)?

Clear evidence that Thuban did not belong to Draco in ancient times is found on the astronomical rock drawings of Haugsbyn (Högsbyn) in Dalsland, Sweden, west of Lake Vänern and northeast of the Tanum rock drawings at Tanumshede.

I already deciphered the Tanum rock drawings as astronomy several years ago.[11] Tanum as a word corresponds to the Egyptian term Tanem, the Hebrew Tannim and the Aramaic Tannin, all meaning "dragon".

Figure 2: Heaven’s Center
depicted on a Rock Drawing at Haugsbyn, Sweden.
The original rock drawing is left and the interpretation is right.

___________
[11] Andis Kaulins, The Norse Pharaohs: Prehistoric Astronomy and History, 89 pages (also as a CD-ROM), published in the series, Origins - Studies in the History of Mankind and its Languages, Volume 9, 1999. A subscriber of this series is the Harvard University Library. See also LexiLine and Andis Kaulins Publications.

Origin of the Cult of Horus - Page 4

2005-10-10T20:51:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus

in Predynastic Egypt - page 4

The falcon is the fastest animal of the entire animal kingdom[7] and this surely did not escape the attention of the ancients. The falcon is something quite special. However, did this mean that the falcon served as the ancient guardian of the celestial pole?

There were only two possibilities: either my falcon identification at the Extern Stones was wrong or the falcon had once had a Pole Star function which it had later lost. This would be possible, for example, as an astronomical result of precession (the shift of the pole star position over time). Could this be proven?

Problem 2. The constellation Draco, the Dragon, in modern times extends to the star Thuban, which lies below present Ursa Minor.

An additional problem with our interpretation was the fact that the constellation Draco has been extended in modern times to include the star Thuban, directly under the star Kochab in Ursa Minor. However, no ancient sources confirm that Thuban was counted to Draco in ancient days. Rather, the connection of the word Thuban with the dragon of heaven arises linguistically due to the false equation of Arabic Al Dhib "wolf" (Thuban, Adib) with the Greek Drakon "dragon" used by Ptolemy.[8] In fact, the Arabic word Al Tinnin means "dragon". We will explain later where this confusion of the heavenly dragon with the wolf originally started. Thuban may have been viewed as the pole star ca. 2800-2600 B.C. by the ancients, but we have no evidence of this in available sources. In any case, it is clear that Kochab, Pherkad and the other stars of Ursa Minor were anciently viewed as a falcon. Can evidence be produced that the star Thuban ("wolf") originally did not belong to constellation Draco?

This is a difficult task, as mainstream astronomers negate the existence of such ancient constellations. Nevertheless, I have found further ancient proof that Thuban was originally not a part of Draco. This possibility was suggested by ancient Greek astronomy where Ursa Minor was seen to form the wings of Draco.[9] We also find such a - thus far puzzling - winged dragon in the "Descent from the Cross Relief" at the Extern Stones, the largest such ancient relief sculpture north of the Alps.[10]
__________

[7] Because other birds are afraid of falcons due to their great speed, falcons are even used today to guard airports by keeping other birds away. See Cameron Walker, Falconry Used to Secure North American Airports, National Geographic News, March 25, 2003. See
also Falconry.
[8] See also Smith’s Bible Dictionary which writes under Dragon:"The translators of the Authorized Version [of the Bible] … have rendered by the same word "dragon" the two Hebrew words tan and tannin…. The syriac renders it by a word which, according to Pococke, means a 'jackal.'"
[9] For the origin of the constellation Draco see e.g. Draco (constellation).
[10] 200 Jahre Streit um die Externsteine.

Origin of The Cult of Horus - Page 3

2005-10-09T01:09:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus

in Predynastic Egypt - page 3

Machalett wrote as follows (our translation from the German):[6]

"The dragon on the back of the rock 11 [the Falcon Stone]:

If one goes up the steep incline to the left or right around the Falcon Stone and examines the Falcon Stone from the back, then one recognizes with astonishment and is indeed startled by the fact that the giant head which forms the Falcon Stone is crowned by a giant dragon. The dragon extends heavy and large from the right of the stone’s ridge upwards to the middle of the stone, its glance directed toward the major group of Extern Stones below. Far above the eye level of the observer, one clearly recognizes the massive body and the serrated back, the hanging tail and the front and rear extremities of the dragon. The head is clear and distinctive together with eye sockets, neck and throat sac. It is a primal animal that we find before us, a lizard as a complete stone replica. The work was molded by human hand! Clearly recognizable are traces of work on the back, abdomen, and head. It is a distinct dragon, and we know that the Extern Stones are called the 'Dragon Stone' in local vernacular."

The names "Falcon Stone" and "Dragon Stone" applied to the Extern Stones are thus confirmed in local vernacular. These are the first - if incomplete - indications that both dragon and falcon are portrayed there.

As marked in the photo above, a human-head also marks the stars of the constellation Hercules. These sculptures too I identified independently, without knowing Machalett’s previous identifications.

In addition, there are two heads of figures that Machalett apparently did not see. To the right there is the head of a bear marking the stars of Ursa Major and to the left is another head that seems to represent a dog. These latter are the stars to the left of the constellation Hercules.

II. The Falcon and the Dragon in Conventional Astronomy

Problem 1. The Falcon at the North Celestial Pole

To support the hypothesis that the Falcon Stone represents Ursa Minor as a falcon, it was essential to demonstrate that the falcon had been used by the ancients as an early symbol for the stars found at heaven’s center.

However, there was no such proof available in the conventional history of astronomy. According to the mainstream, the falcon is mentioned only in connection with a stellar constellation in Persian astronomy, indeed as representing Aquila, the constellation of the eagle. Aquila lies far from heaven’s center and originally probably was chosen for this region of the sky because of the eagle-shaped "hole in the Milky way" found there.
__________
[6] Walter Machalett, Die Externsteine, Hallonen-Verlag, Maschen, 1970.
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Origin of The Cult of Horus - Page 2

2005-10-08T23:49:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus

in Predynastic Egypt - page 2

Figure 1:

The Falcon Stone (Falkenstein) marks Heaven’s Center [5]
(The Falcon Stone is located above the major group of Extern Stones).

Explanation of Figure 1
The star map above shows the position of the northern stellar poles in 3117 B.C. No star was found exactly at the position of the north celestial pole in this era. The weakly shining star Thuban marked the pole later, ca. 2800-2600 B.C. Since no such pole star was available in ca. 3000 BC, the ancients used the bright stars Kochab and Pherkad in Ursa Minor
as their "pole stars".

__________
[5] This interpretation is based on a photograph found in Rolf Speckner and Christian Stamm, Das Geheimnis der Externsteine: Bilder einer Mysterienstätte, Urachhaus, Stuttgart, 2002.

Origin of The Cult of Horus - Page 1

2005-10-06T23:33:00.000+02:00

The Origin of the Cult of Horus in Predynastic Egypt

by Andis Kaulins [1][,2]

I. Introduction: The Extern Stones (Externsteine) and the
Falcon Stone (Falkenstein)

"Star Stones: Representations of Prehistoric Astronomy in the Extern Stones" was a paper I presented on May 6, 2005 in Horn/Bad Meinberg, Germany, near the location of the Extern Stones, to the 39th annual meeting of the Walther Machalett Study Group on Ancient History. That paper developed a hypothesis which I first published in the book Stars Stones and Scholars,[3] claiming that the Extern Stones had been worked by human hand in the Neolithic period (New Stone Age) and that the figures in relief on the stones represented the stars of the heavens, marking also the solstices and equinoxes in approximately 3000 B.C.

Others have seen faces carved in relief on the Extern Stones long before my recognition of them.[4] However, no one has known what meaning to attach to these sculptures. My interpretation of these reliefs showed that they were ancient "humanized" representations of stellar asterisms and constellations, which were seen as astronomical "gods" by the ancients.

I also interpreted the "Falcon Stone" (Falkenstein), Rock 11 of the Extern Stones, as depicting stars of the heavens. These stars were: 1) the stars of the constellation Draco, represented by a lizard, marking the pole of the ecliptic; and, 2) the stars Kochab and Pherkad of Ursa Minor as "guards of the heavens", marking the pole star as a falcon (the Egyptian "Horus").

It is interesting to observe that the figure of a lizard (or dragon, or crocodile) on the Falcon Stone (Rock 11, Extern Stones) had already been identified by Walther Machalett previous to my independent recognition of it. This circumstance of a match of independent observations by two persons (reproducibility, as it were) gave me the feeling that my identifications of the other figures on the Falcon Stone were also correct.
__________
[1] J.D. (Doctor of Jurisprudence), Stanford University, USA; Former Lecturer, FFA, Anglo-American Law, University of Trier Law School, University of Trier.
[2] The author would like to thank Dr.jur. Gert Meier (Law, Government, History and Modern Languages, University of Göttingen; former NATO Scholar at Stanford University) for important contributions to the content of this manuscript.
[3] Andis Kaulins, Stars Stones and Scholars: The Decipherment of the Megaliths as an Ancient Survey of the Earth by Astronomy, Trafford Publishing, Canada, USA and Ireland, 2003.
[4] See Elisabeth Neumann-Gundrum, Europas Kultur der Groß-Skulpturen, Schmitz-Verlag, Giessen, 1981, and Walter Machalett, Die Externsteine, Hallonen-Verlag, Maschen, 1970.

Hebrew tahas and Ancient Egyptian ths

2005-09-19T21:55:00.000+02:00

I received this interesting inquiry from a reader:

"I saw in a paper that the Hebrew word "tehas" is a loanword from the Egyptian "ths" (= fine leather)...now I have searched on internet for "ths" and in the grammatics by Gardiner but couldn't find this word. Do you know this word, what is the hieroglyph and is there any connection with the leather of the sea animal dugong."

Here is the answer I sent:

Rainer Hannig at p. 1456 in his Ägyptisches Wörterbuch: Altes Reich und Erste Zwishcenzeit [Egyptian Dictionary I: Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period] has
ths
(hieroglyphs: two-noosed animal noose, three-noosed wick, folded cloth hieroglyph, transcribed as t with a line below it, h with a dot below it and the letter s) and transliterated by Hannig in German as "recken (Fell, Leder über Gestell) giving the similar term hnt (h with a line below it) "Leder recken". "Recken" in German means "rack, stretcher" and in Egypt thus was apparently used to apply to leather stretched across a rack.

Tahas has also been transcribed in Hebrew as Taxus

This is to be distinguished from Egyptian dhr (the h has a dot below it and dhc (the d has a line below it, the h has a dot below it and the c is superscripted) meaning "leather, hide", i.e. leather in one piece.
The hieroglyphs used there are the cobra hieroglyph, the three-noosed candle wick hieroglyph, the extended arm hieroglyph and what I call the "curved ear" hieroglyph.
Online see
1. Leather in ancient Egypt
2. Rostau - dhr
3. Parts of mammals
4. Dravidian turutti < dr.ti skin, leather and Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian) dh.r bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian

Dugong ????

Bible.org writes:
"[6] tn
The exact meaning of the Hebrew word here is difficult to determine. The term tahas (vj^T^) has been translated “badger [skins]” by the KJV tradition. The RSV uses “goat” skin; the NEB and NASB have “porpoise” skin, and the NIV has “sea-cow” hide. This is close to “porpoise,” and seems influenced by the Arabic. The evidence is not strong for any of these, and some of the suggestions would be problematic. It is possible the word is simply used for “fine leather,” based on the Egyptian ths. This has been followed by NRSV (“fine leather”) and NLT (“fine goatskin leather”) and the present translation. See further HALOT 4:1720-21."

tn might also simply be Old Kingdom tnj (the t has a line below it) meaning simply "cut strips of meat" or skins as it were

In any case, you now do have ths and tahas and a clue through tnj.
So what kind of leather was it?

Ronald S. Hendel, one of a bevy of reviewers of Mary Douglas's Leviticus as Literature writes:

"One of the leathers is called “tahas skins,” perhaps a type of beaded leather, see S. Dalley, “Hebrew tahas, Akkadian duhsu, Faience and Beadwork,” Journal of Semitic Studies (2000) 1-19; on the other fabrics in the Tent, see Haran, Temples, 160-63."

The equivalence of Hebrew tahas and Akkadian duhsu and the clue of "beaded leather" gives us the answer, since ancient Egyptian is Indo-European in its basic substratum.

In Latvian we have both term variations
kese(le) (the latvian k here has a comma below it and is pronounced tj) - "spoon-net"
dukurs - "purse-net, spoon-net"
Hence, this is going to be leather in strips stretched and dried on a rack and then interwoven net-wise like in sandals or mats, giving the leather the appearance as if it were like the skin of a fish, whence the confusion with fish hides or dugong.

Update 20 September, 2005:

Latvian for "leather, skin, hide" by the way is ada- (long a), while something made of leather would be no adas, i.e. "of leather", so that Latvian adas is essentially the same as tehas or ths. The ada- root would be very old since it would point to an original Indo-European root such as "OUTer" viz. Indo-European *ud-.

Latvian also provides the root for the Dravidian and Afro-Asiatic dh.r "leather" since Latvian dirat (long i, long a) means to "pull off leather, pull off the skin, to skin, to flay", presumably rooted in Latvian viz. proto-Indo-European *adi-raut "skin pull(ed) off". A "skinner" is a diratajs.

Solar Eclipses over Egypt over the Millennia

2005-09-19T06:38:00.000+02:00

[Note: updated and revised on October 13, 2005 to reflect the fact that Amir Bey's eclipse data for Egypt are still online.]

Fred Espenak has website pages covering historical and future solar eclipses at
NASA - Eight Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses
entitled:
"Eight Millennium Catalog of Long Solar Eclipses [by] Fred Espenak -2999 to +5000 (3000 BCE to 5000 CE) [covering the] eight Millennium period -2999 to 5000 (3000 BCE to 5000 CE[1]), [during which the] Earth will experience 18,988 solar eclipses.....[longest-lasting eclipses are listed]."

The exact dating and location of these eclipses is uncertain because of variations in the calculation of Delta T, the mathematical value for changes in the rate of the spin of the Earth over time, which is variable.
See Espenak, Espenak on Saros, David Herald, Felix Verbelen, and for comprehensive detail Robert H. van Gent.
Most recent values are found cited at Guide-User, where it is written by Bill J. Gray:

"Usual warning: Delta-T becomes increasingly ill-defined as you extrapolate it. For example, a decade or so ago, it looked as if Delta-T was going to keep increasing by about a second or so each year, requiring a new "leap second" each December. Then it stopped increasing so briskly, and we've not had a new leap second since 1999. The above formula is there simply because Guide has to say _something_ about what Delta-T is apt to be, even if that something isn't very
meaningful."

We have our own explanation for the slowdown in the increase starting at 1999 which we have posted elsewhere as well:

"One way to understand Delta-T better is to spot the cycles which may be incorporated within it. One of these may be solar luminosity - which may have a ca. 190-year cycle, as manifested in the delta-T values evidenced between ca. 1700 and ca. 1890.

As written at Inside Earth:
"A Master’s thesis on a broken stalagmite in the main cave indicates a temperature cycle of 190 years between ~13,500 and 9,500 years ago, most likely a solar luminosity cycle."

This in turn may relate to the cycles in sunspots

which in turn are related to geomagnetic activity.

In my opinion, these variations are caused by planetary perturbations viz. planetary positions varying between perihelion and aphelion.

If that were true, then primarily responsible for the ca. 190-year cycle would be Pluto (actually, the orbit here is 248 years as such), which was at perihelion until 1999, when it was still within Neptune's orbit.

Now Pluto is headed back out to be the 9th planet again.

Accordingly, if the above theory be true, Delta T should now slow down as it has done, stay constant at ca. +65 and then diminish, rather than increase. Of course even if we were right on this prediction, we could be wrong, since current theory is that the planets can not exert this kind of influence, but I am not so sure."

Solar eclipses are useful for chronology and potentially especially for the history of Ancient Egypt. See LexiLine and Amir Bey, Eclipses over Egypt.

King Tut Subjected to CT Scan

2005-03-12T13:15:00.001+01:00

First, the good news.

Putting to rest the idle speculation (very common in this field) which has prevailed in mainstream Egyptologyy that King Tut was murdered (the possibility of poisoning still remains and is being examined), CT scans done in Egypt by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, headed by Zahi Hawass, have conclusively proven that there was no blow to the back of the head, as some had speculated, nor any other sign of foul play. Rather, Tutankhamun had broken his leg and may have died from resulting complications.

We greet this development. Egyptologists can now get back to a study of and better understanding of the artefacts from the Tomb of Tutankhamun, which they currently do not comprehend at all. See Tutankhamun's Tomb Artefacts

Then, the bad news.

We are strongly against another development which is unfortunately one of the extremely negative historical hallmarks of Egyptology: research-negating fact-defeating monopolistic secrecy by a chosen few Egyptologists. As noted in that article:

"Hawass said only the research team’s members would be allowed to study the CT images."

There is an old axiom which runs something like:

"He who has nothing to hide, hides nothing."

Let the world see the evidence. In the end, the world decides, and not research teams "consisting only of Egyptians". The kind of provincial antiquated thinking which marks the history of Egyptology is really outdated in this modern world.
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Senenmut Zodiac March 1476 BC

2005-03-11T23:16:00.000+01:00

In March, 1476 BC (-1475 by astronomy), the sky, depicted on the Senenmut Zodiac, looked like this around the Vernal Equinox, according to Starry Night Pro:

This graphic applies to the previous posting.
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Senenmut - The Most Ancient Zodiac Dated

2005-03-11T20:42:00.000+01:00

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The tomb of Senenmut (also written Senmut, both are wrong as we show in the next posting) located as Tomb TT353 at Del el-Bahri, Egypt, has what is regarded to be the world's oldest Zodiac inscribed on its ceiling. For a full picture in color see the website of Dr. Karl H. Leser.

We have been able to decipher this Pharaonic Zodiac in some of its essentials and present that decipherment here.

Partial Decipherment - Zodiac of Senenmut

Leser writes as follows, citing to Peter F. Dorman, an expert on Senenmut, along the way:

"Above, the astronomical ceiling from Chamber A, TT353; it is the oldest astronomical presentation known - the next one was found in the tomb of Sethi I. - and naturally, it is the only one in a private tomb (from Dorman, 1991). The astronomical ceiling measures approx. 3x3.6 m at its greatest dimensions.

The ceiling of Chamber A is divided into two sections representing the northern and the southern skies. The southern - upper part shown in the picture above - is decorated with a list of decanal stars, as well as constellations of the southern sky belonging to it like Orion and Sothis (Sopdet). Furthermore, the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury and Venus are shown and associated deities who are traveling in small boats over the sky. Thus, the southern ceiling marks the hours of the night.

The northern - lower part - shows constellations of the northern sky with the large bear in the center. The other constellations could not be identified. On the right and left of it there are 8 or 4 circles shown and below them several deities each carrying a sun disk towards the center of the picture. The inscriptions associated with the circles mark the original monthly celebrations in the lunar calendar, whereas the deities mark the original days of the lunar month (after Meyer, 1982).

The astronomical ceiling is divided along its east-west axis by a text band composed of five registers. The central line which is wider than the other four registers bears together the titles of Hatshepsut and some titles as well as the name of Senenmut....."

In the Zodiac of Senenmut we see in the middle of the starry ceiling, about 3/4 of the way own, a figure with a spear, which we interpret as Orion, downing the bull, Taurus, just as in the similar theme at Minoan Knossos, on Crete (see the Ancient World Blog).

Moreover, we can easily identify the two large middle vertical lines - which join at the tail of the Bull and at the head of Cetus at Menkar, here a young woman - as marking the line of the Equinoxes.

Given that knowledge, which places the Zodiac of Senenmut at ca. 1500-1400 BC, we can in fact date the starry ceiling to March, 1476 BC when the four depicted planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury and Venus) all joined in superconjunction with the Sun (and perhaps also the Moon) at the point of the Vernal Equinox.

The upper graphic is used pursuant to the fair use exception to the copyright laws and is reduced in size from the original graphic found at the website of Dr. Karl H. Leser.

The lower graphic was made by Andis Kaulins using the above graphic as a model. The decipherment of the lower drawing and the setting of the date of Senenmut's heaven to March 1476 BC was made by Andis Kaulins on March 11, 2005.

The above decipherment meshes fairly well with a decipherment made by Andis Kaulins in June of 2001, interpreting similarly the similar Zodiac found in the Tomb of Sethos (who is actually King David).

Decipherment - Zodiac of Sothis

In the next posting we examine the identity of Senenmut and make a rather spectacular correction.

Technorati Tags
Egyptology, Zodiac, Ancient Egypt, Astronomy, Astrology
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Egyptology Blog by Mark Morgan

2005-03-04T03:34:00.000+01:00

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We see that Mark Morgan started an Egyptology Blog at the turn of the year. Thus far it is mostly Egyptology news. We have to issue a strong congratulations to him, as the only other blog we know of in this field besides our own is Egyptology News.

Except for our Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS - we were the first to blog in the Ancient Egypt and Egyptology field - there are no other Egyptology blogs - the rest of the world of Egyptology is - as usual - asleep. We have added Morgan's blog to our Ancient Egypt Blog links.

Technorati Tags
Egyptology, Blogs, Ancient Egypt, Egyptology News, Ancient Egypt Blog
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Hieroglyphs derive from astronomical Danube Scripts as confirmed by Pottery Comparison

2005-02-06T02:00:00.000+01:00

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This is a very important posting because it is a major pioneering step forward in resolving the question of the origin of human writing.

I have been able to decipher several of the Balkan Danube Scripts (ca. 4000-3000 BC) from Transylvania (Romania), Karanovo (Bulgaria) and from Thracian Greece as astronomy. In addition, I have been able to decipher the Djer wooden and ivory tablets from Abydos and Saqqara (ca. 3000 BC) - also as astronomy. In my view, this resolves the question of the origin of Pharaonic writing - it derives from what are today called the Danube Scripts, whatever their provenance may be.

Here are the decipherments (labels are underneath each graphic):

Danube Script from Transylvania deciphered as astronomy,
a Planisphere (sky map) dating to ca. 4000 BC

Lepenski Vir Circular Planisphere (sky map) deciphered,
dating to ca. 4000 BC

Greek Thracian Spindle Whorl from Dikili Tash
deciphered as a planisphere dating to ca. 3750 BC

Karanovo Script deciphered as a Planisphere
dated to ca. 3000 BC

Comparison of Danube Script and Karanovo Planisphere

Comparison of Lepenski Vir Script and Danube Script Decipherments

Decipherment of the Wooden Tablet of Djer (from Saqqara)
and the Ivory Tablet of Djer (from Abydos)
as Pharaonic Planispheres (sky maps).

The last two decipherments had already been made in 2002 but had not yet been posted. Sometimes I make these decipherments and then they are simply forgotten on the hard disk. But I think that a posting now fits in well with the Danube Script decipherments. Indeed, perhaps now was the right time to post them.

As one can easily see from the similar symbols not just generally, but also for specific groups of stars (e.g. Orion and Canis Major (Sirius)), the scripts undeniably have the same origin, as the style of the symbols is the same, only that the corpus of symbols has been expanded on the Djer tablets and of course this expansion continued from there on into the development of hieroglyphic writing in Pharaonic Egypt.

These results confirm the analysis of ancient pottery I have previously made about the similarity of Dnieper, Dniester, Danube, Sumerian and Pharaonic pottery, with an exact ceramic match between the Boian Culture, the Sumerian and the Pharaohs of Egypt.

................

Baltic 5000 BC......Boian 5000 BC......Dnieper 5000 BC

................

Boian Closeup.........Sumerian Ware.....Predynastic Nile

................

Djoser..................Tutankhamun........Esau's Edom

See http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi98.htm

How anyone can fail to see the obvious relationship
is beyond my understanding. Are archaeologists blind?

The Danube Script and the Hieroglyphic Writing of Egypt as found in rudimentary form on the Djer Tablets have NOTHING to do with token counting in Mesopotamia. Zero. I go into this more deeply below.

My attention to the Danube Scripts came through snail mail from a friend who sent me a past article on the history of writing as published in a German newspaper (Ulli Kulke, "Es begann mit der Sintflut", Fueilleton, Die Welt, October 10, 2003).

That article cites to two books by Harald Haarmann: 1) Geschichte der Schrift [The History of Writing] and 2) Geschichte der Sintflut - Auf den Spuren der frühen Zivilisation [The History of the Flood - On the Track of Early Civilization], both published by C.H. Beck in Munich.

Haarmann reports that dendrochronological dating of artefacts has shown that the Danube Script, which has been known for decades, is generally becoming to be known as the oldest human writing, in spite of resistance by the "Mesopotamianists" who wish to attach the title of "Mother of all Scripts" to Iraq and to the previous Sumerian culture once extant there.

The Danube script originates in Europe and not the Middle East (see map).

There is considerable controversy on the issue of writing origins.

As written at the Wikipedia under "Writing":

"The first examples of writing are probably cave drawings, most famously found in France. Even these proto-languages show significant structure. The first examples of structured linear writing have been found in the lower Danube Valley and date from around 5000 BC. The first examples of Sumerian writing in Mesopotamia date from around 4000 BC...."

What my new decipherments show is that (at least these) Danubian symbols are astronomical, raising the interesting issue of whether writing developed from astronomical symbols - as appears to be case - rather than from signs for counting, which is a disputed theory propagated by Denise Schmandt-Besserat.

It is in fact quite clear from the evidence that I have now presented that the hieroglyphs of Egypt developed from early pictorial signs as found on the Danube Scripts and not from counting tokens.

One MUST compare the ivory and wooden tablets of Djer to the Danube Scripts. The genetic relationship is unmistakeable.

Maria Carmela Betrò writes that the first specimens of Sumerian writing are basically pictographic (pictorial writing)...." and are not tokens. See also LexiLine.

Accordingly, the token theory has little credence and I find that we have presented very persuasive evidence here that Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphic writing developed out of what are today called the Danube Scripts. The initial use of these symbols, as I have clearly demonstrated in my decipherments, was for astronomy, and that takes us to Stars Stones and Scholars and Neolithic astronomy.

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Petroglyph at El-Hosh deciphered as Astronomy

2005-01-23T21:39:00.000+01:00

El-Hosh, Egypt, is located south of Edfu and north of Aswan.

The petroglyph in question is found in an article in Antiquity entitled
"Dating Egypt's oldest 'art': AMS 14C age determinations of rock varnishes covering petroglyphs at El-Hosh (Upper Egypt)" by D. Huyge, A. Watchman, M. De Dapper & E. Marchi.

Those authors date the El-Hosh Upper Egypt rock drawings by the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C Method to the 6th millennium BC and allege that this is the oldest recorded graphic activity in the Nile Valley.

This measurement is in our opinion false.

The researchers had various locations at El-Hosh at their disposal and obtained the following values for the sites based on only FOUR values out of FIFTEEN samples taken - the remainder not having resulted in sufficient material for analysis:

Abu Tanqurah Bahari, Locality 2, Panel 1 57553 6690 270 5900 (68%) 5300
Abu Tanqurah Bahari, Locality 7, Panel 1 60893 3740 300 2600 (68%) 1700
Gebelet Jussef, Locality 2, Panel 1 60892 2450 320 1000 (68%) 100
Abu Tanqurah Bahari, Locality 3, Panel 3 60891 2280 320 800 (68%) ad 50

Only ONE of the four, i.e. one of the total of FIFTEEN samples supports the ancient date alleged by the authors. The other three samples gave a maximum date of 2600 BC. Hence, the one deviant sample is definitely questionable and highly unreliable. This work can by no means be used to allege that the El-Hosh rock art is from 6000 BC.

Quite the contrary, we have been able to decipher one of the panels as astronomy ca. 3000 BC and can also categorically say that the phallic symbols visible on the petroglyph are phallic symbols. The fish-trapping devices alleged to be present by the authors of the article, do not exist. This should already have been clear since no fish are to be seen on the petroglyph.

Here is our decipherment:

The key to our decipherment was the lower left-hand figure, which we magnified in our graphics programs, and it clearly shows the head of a man holding two animals, one in each hand, as on the wall painting at Hierakonpolis, where this picture represents Sirius and Canis Major, based on our decipherment of it. See LexiLine.

The phallic symbols represent in one case Gemini and the rest are the Milky Way. We recall seeing a documentary film some years ago that there are Nubian tribes in this region of the Nile that still practice phallic worship, so that these will be the authors of this rock drawing, perhaps in concert with a megalithic surveyor.

The petroglyph has a unique 3-D perspective if one stares at it for a while, which allows the long dark "posts" to be identified as a fence, which we interpret as marking the Vernal Equinox ca. 3000 BC. At that time, Orion is to the left of that equinox line, and so the three dark shorter posts with a larger square-like object in front of them (the star theta with M42 and M43) are the three stars of Orion's Belt.

The head above Orion can only be Auriga. Taurus is shown to the right of the equinox line as a V-shape. Perseus is in an animal with a thin long neck.

Cassiopeia (Cepheus is also possible) is a large human head. The remainder of the identifications are speculative and provisional due to the poor quality of the petroglyph.

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Blogging Egyptian Archaeological Excavations

2005-01-16T23:27:00.000+01:00

Blogging Egyptian Archaeological Excavations

In an incredible turn of events, we discover that some archaeologists are becoming aware of the world of the present. As reported on January 15, 2005 at ResearchBuzz, archaeologists from Johns Hopkins University have set up a blog to follow up work and excavations in Egypt. The blog is named Hopkins in Egypt Today where it is written:

"The Supreme Council of Antiquities supervises all fieldwork research in Egypt and also monitors and preserves the ancient monuments. Dr. Zahi Hawass, the Secretary General of the Supreme Council, directs and helps to guide the mission of the organization. We are honored to work with the Supreme Council. This web site is an educational one that aims to provide the viewer with the elements of archaeological work that include the progress of excavation. The daily results are crucial to an understanding of how field investigation takes place, since decisions must be made on the basis of ongoing work. The people involved in the work are also an essential feature and contribute profoundly to the final outcomes. It is to those participants in the excavation that this web site is dedicated."

Petroglyphs (Rock Drawings) Found in Egypt's Wadi Qum Heleeg in Sharqeya

2004-10-27T16:45:00.001+02:00

Via Explorator we are directed to The Egyptian State Information Service and their October 20, 2004 report of 132 ancient petroglyphs found in the Eastern Desert by a Minnesota University excavation in Wadi Qum Heleeg in the Sharqeya desert.

Dr. Zahi Hawas, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, is cited as saying that there were, inter alia, rock drawings of cattle and a flock tied to persons.

Why systematic pictures of such finds are not immediately published in the news media is one of the great weaknesses and signs of unacademic selfishness in the mainstream archaeological community.

The actual photos are often kept secret until they can be (allegedly) explained and exploited by the finders.

For this reason, much of what is written about rock drawings by the mainstream is nonsense since there is no free interplay of interpretation.

Ancient Geodetic Measure - Russia - Egypt - Mycenae

2004-08-12T15:51:00.000+02:00

Ancient Geodetic Measure - Russia - Egypt - Mycenae

Tompkins writes of an ancient geodetic measure and has many references to it. Below are some I have selected:

MYCENAE - the LION GATE

(next to this gate is a so-called "Grave Circle" of stone blocks
arranged in a circle)

Tompkins writes (p. 353):
"...the relief consists of a column between two facing lions. The column is sandwiched between two sets of parallel horizontal lines. At the bottom the column rests on a support on which three parallel lines are strongly marked. These three lines are the same three lines which occur in the hieroglyphic symbol for Southern Egypt; they represent the tropic of Cancer". The column represents the three basic meridians of Egypt...."

RUSSIA and the BLACK SEA

Tompkins writes further about the three meridians (p. 346):

Beginning from [a] base line [a line identified by Tompkins at ca. 45 degrees along the north side of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Danube, across Crimea to the foot of the Caucasus], Russia was surveyed [in ancient days] for a length of 10 degrees, along the three meridians which formed the three axes of Egypt, up to a latitude [of what Tompkins says is ca. 55 degrees but which we know from the megalithic site on the White Sea to extend to near the Arctic Circle]. The River Dnieper was understood to be a symmetric counterpart of the Nile, running between the same meridians. Key positions along the course of the Dnieper were identified with corresponding key positions along the course of the Nile, up to the point of transferring Egyptian place names to Russia [note by AK - this process is in my opinion actually the reverse]. The information about the existence of this geodetic system is provided by the description of a map of Russia which is based on it. The description of the map indicates that it was used at the end of the sixth century B.C., but the map may be older; in any case there are other sources of information about the base line which indicate that it was marked in very early times."

This all supports my view that the Great Pyramid is at a key
position in an ancient geodetic system which preceded the pyramids,
but which we find around the world in the megaliths.

See
http://www.megaliths.net

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Pharaonic Egypt Stretching the Cord

2004-08-12T15:41:00.000+02:00

Pharaonic Egypt Stretching the Cord

This continues my postings on "background information" to properly understand the Great Pyramid of Cheops at Giza [Latvian gaissa "in the sky"] in Egypt.

Tompkins in his Secrets of the Great Pyramid writes at pp. 380 and
381 as follows:

"...it appears that there was drawn a plan of the Great Pyramid which included the calculation of the stars to be observed in order to obtain the direction of the north. After this plan was drawn, the ground of the Pyramid had to be cleared in order to proceed to the ceremony called "stretching the cord," which for the Egyptians was the equivalent of our laying of the first stone. This ceremony had the purpose of establishing the direction of true north and, as the Egyptians saw it, suspending the building from the sky by tying the building with an imaginary string to the axis of rotation of the vault of heaven."

How was north determined? Tompkins writes (p. 380):
"If my interpretation of Egyptian sky charts is correct [it is so in my opinion - AK], the line that indicates the north used to be marked so as to pass through the celestial pole AND through the pole of the ecliptic."

For the solar eclipse of July 25, 2430 BC on the Nile Delta this line - according to the Heifetz precessional planisphere - runs straight through the stars Zosma (Duhr) and Chort in Leo (the Sphinx) which are represented by the King's and Queen's Chamber, as shown at
´
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi70.htm

In fact the west face of the Great Pyramid "is not oriented to the north, but is oriented 2'30" west of true north." This deviation from orientation to the north is, according to Tompkins, the result of the precession of the equinoxes from the date of the first plan to the actual laying of the first stone - since precession of the equinoxes "displaces the star taken as the polar star in practical calculations to the the west at a rate of about 50" a year.

It is this rate of precession which the Great Pyramid was intended to calculate exactly.

As Tompkins writes at page 382 in concluding his book:
"I have collected a mass of numerical evidence which shows that the inhabitants of the ancient world were acquainted with the rate of the precession of the equinoxes [and solstices] and attached a major significance to it."

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Pharaonic Egypt and the Law of King Athelstan

2004-08-12T15:39:00.000+02:00

Pharaonic Egypt and the Law of King Athelstan

King Athelstan was, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the "first West Saxon king to have effective rule over the whole of England".

People wonder that a person trained in law and evidence such as myself is interested in ancient history - but law has a great deal to do with ancient history - and mainstream scholars in the field of ancient history, not being trained in law OR evidence, have really botched it all up terribly. The Tablets of Ebla contain many laws and should not be left to the realm solely of archaeology. The Code of Hammurabi [sic, Hammurabi is a misreading of Abraham, backwards] is a code of laws.

As the Britannica states under Athelstan:
"Six of Athelstan's extant codes of law reveal stern efforts to suppress theft and punish corruption. They are notable in containing provisions intended to comfort the destitute and mitigate the punishment of young offenders. The form and language of his many documents suggest the presence of a corps of skilled clerks and perhaps the beginning of the English civil service."

One of the laws of Athelstan defined the length of the English foot.
As written by Tompkins in the Secrets of the Great Pyramid (p. 344):

"The text of this law is included in the standard collections of medieval English laws. The words of law of Athelstan were repeated exactly in the legislation about measures [i.e. in the sense of weights and measures] issued by King Henry I.... Athelstan prescribed that the king's girth shall extend from the royal residence for a distance of 3 miles, 3 furlongs, 9 acres, 9 feet, 9 palms, and 9 barleycorns. The King's girth was the area considered a direct extension of the King's place of residence and as such the area in which the King's peace was in force. This was the area in which attacks on private persons were crimes against the Crown [we retain this as "refuge" and "sanctuary" in modern times, e.g. people
seeking refuge in embassies or churches]. The picturesque language of the law means that the King's girth extends for a radius of 18,250 feet, since it is a matter of the following units:

.....mile....................5280 feet [x 3]
.....furlong..................600 feet [x 3]
.....acre......................66 feet [x 9]
.....palm......................3/4 foot [lengthwise?] [x 9]
.....barleycorn................1/3 inch [x 9]

... My understanding [this is still Tompkins writing] of the law of King Athelstan is that the radius of the King's girth extended 6 minutes or 1/10 of degree from north to south. This implies that a degree was understood to be 365,000 English feet [note that this was made a multiple of 365], which is the length of the degree at the latitude of towns like Winchester...."

Tompkins then goes to show that this system of geodetic measure - rooted in an ancient measure of the Earth - is remarkably similar to that used in Pharaonic Egypt, a system which was astronomically anchored by the exact measurements made possible by the pyramids.

See http://www.megaliths.net

Great Pyramid Secret Shafts of Cheops

2004-08-12T15:16:00.000+02:00

Great Pyramid Secret Shafts of Cheops

For this posting, in order to have a sound basis for understanding the discussion, it is essential to read the index page at

http://www.megaliths.net

and also
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi18.htm or
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi70.htm and
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi30.htm

As far as the cupmarks in the secret shafts of Cheops are concerned, the builders
marked certain blocks of stone so that the foremen and their workers
would put the blocks in the right place on the pyramid and - even
more importantly - with the intended corners also in the right
places. If you have a six-sided rectangular block of stone, there
are 8 possible positions in placing this stone.
If the sides are A,B,C and D and the ends are E and F, then
for end E forward any of the sides A,B,C and D can point upwards and
the same is true for end F forward. If the blocks are perfectly
rectangular or serve no special function, then it does not matter of
course, but this becomes critical for finer construction work.

In the case of the markings at the end of the shaft in the Cheops
Pyramid, the markings surely served as "notes" for the star watchers
who marked the stellar positions visible to them (this of course was
done when the shafts still had an open outlet to the sky at the
position of the secret chamber and before the pyramid was "topped
off".)

That some kind of marking was required in order to avoid chaos on the
building site is clear - there are two-and-a-half MILLION blocks of
stone in the Great pyramid - differing in size depending on where
they are and weighing from 2 to 70 tons apiece (see Peter Tompkins,
Secrets of the Great Pyramid).

When people speak of the building of the great pyramids they tend to ignore the problems of simple but necessary logistics. It is not enough just to cut blocks at the quarry - people had to have instructions all along the way - sizing
the stones, transporting the stones to the right spot on the pyramid
and placing the stones at the proper positions. Some kind of
labelling and communication along the entire path from quarry to
pyramid was essential.

What about the purpose of the shafts? Nothing shows the incompetence
of mainstream Egyptology in this field more than their
previous "establishment" view of these shafts as "air ventilaton
shafts" - which is absolute nonsense, and which has been proven as absolute nonsense by the recent discovery of a secret chamber at the end of one of the shafts.

As Tompkins writes in his Secrets of the Great Pyramid (pp. 133-137)
way back in 1971:

"A glance at the outlines and cross sections of the pyramids of
Saqqara, Dashur and Medum will show that, like ancient British
observatories, each had a sighting passage pointed at a northern
star. The passage ended in an observation chamber with a corbeled
roof with a small opening just at ground level, presumably for
sighting a star directly overhead at the zenith, or for lowering a
plumb line to coincide with a line sighted down the sloping passage."

Tompkins wrote that piece long before the books of Bauval and Hancock.

The same closed-mindedness as found in Egyptology is also found in mainstream Archaeology.

Tompkins continues that last paragraph as follows:
"The similarity [of the pyramids] to the structure at Maes-Howe [Orkneys, Scotland] is indeed amazing. Yet Maes-Howe has also been considered as nothing but a burial chamber. A recent writer on Maes-Howe discarded the
theory that the mound might have had astronomical significance,
saying that the belief is accepted by no "serious student of
archeology".

Indeed, mainstream Egyptologists and archaeologists have taken
delight in calling people who saw astronomical significance in these
constructions as "Pyramidiots".

Let me say clearly and for all the world to hear that the only
Pyramidiots out there are the vast majority of mainstream
Egyptologists and archaeologists.

There are in fact serious issues here. Why in the Great Pyramid do
the shafts bend rather than being perfectly straight Did they use
some kind of reflectors as mirrors - and why? Where were the
measurements made? and at what stages in the course of building the
pyramid were such measurements made? Were corrections made for the motion of stars and resulting displacement in the course of the time it took to build a pyramid?
These are the kinds of questions which the mainstream scientists
should be addressing - not whether these shafts were "air shafts".

Many questions, by the way, are answered by Tompkins in his
book Secrets of the Great Pyramid, in my estimation the best book ever written on the pyramids - though even he has many theories, suppositions,
myths, and errors. But in comparison to the erroneous pablum written
by the Egyptologists and archaeologists up to now, Tompkins is gold.

He is at least "scratching at the truth". The mainstream has
been "scratching away the truth." That is a significant difference.

Cheops Pyramid: The Secret Chamber

2004-08-12T10:54:00.000+02:00

Cheops Pyramid: The Secret Chamber

Posted to the LexiLine group files at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
are the files
cheops1.gif and .tif
and cheops2.gif and cheops2.tif
showing my decipherment of what was found in the Secret Chamber of Cheops.

THE SECRET CHAMBER OF CHEOPS
SEPTEMBER 17, 2002 - MEGALITH FOUND ?

WHAT HAPPENED ON SEPTEMBER 17, 2002 ?

On September 17, 2002, nearly 10 years after Rudolf Gantenbrink's
robot discovered a stone slab (with copper and gypsum seals) at the
end of the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber in the Cheops
Pyramid, a worldwide TV broadcast showed a new high-tech robot
photographing what lay behind the stone slab at the end of the shaft.

WHAT WAS FOUND BEHIND THE STONE SLAB? A MEGALITHIC WALL !

What was found was an ancient megalithic wall or a megalith built
into the wall across from the shaft-end stone slab, an ancient
megalith which is a "boulder" carved with figures and itself
standing alone in a small apparently otherwise empty room, and
seemingly blocking the way to another room possibly filled with
informational or worldly treasures.

The result, analyzed here on the same day as the TV program, was a
fantastic, enormous discovery, clearly binding the megalithic age
with the Pyramids - unmistakably CONNECTING the megaliths and the
pyramid builders. The importance of this development has not yet
been recognized by anyone else other than this author.

Furthermore, the September 17, 2002, finding confirmed this author's singular
analysis of the Secret Chamber as being related to the
Westcar Papyrus and the Qumran Copper Scroll. We predicted a seal
would be found - and a large "seal" of megalithic proportions has
indeed been found, guarding another chamber in the Great Pyramid.

WHY IS A MEGALITH INSIDE A PYRAMID A SENSATION?

Why is this megalith (viz. megalithic wall) a sensation? Because it
is made of rough, carved stone. The ancient pharaohs went to a great
deal of trouble to make smooth stones for the building of the
Pyramid, so why in the innermost secret sanctum of the Great Pyramid
of Cheops do we find a rough megalith apparently guarding another
secret room?

THE MEGALITH STEMS FROM A MORE ANCIENT ERA

The days of the megalith-builders, as shown by this author at
Megaliths.net centered around ca. 3117 BC, one kingdom or ca. 684
years prior to the building of the Great Pyramid of Cheops. A
megalith in the Cheops Pyramid would be much older than the pyramids. Does
this mean that the Cheops Pyramid supplanted this ancient megalith
at Giza? Did the Cheops Pyramid take its place?

Was the calender "revised" due to precession - and was this the "revision"
discussed in ancient documents by Gardiner and Erman? Surely it was
so. The Cheops Pyramid replaced the megalith found in the secret
chamber just uncovered. That is why it is there. We must of course
also ask: if an ancient megalith guards a room in the Great Pyramid,
then it surely also guards something ancient - is this also the
legendary Hall of Records? The future will tell.

WHY DID TODAY'S MAINSTREAM EGYPTOLOGISTS ERR?

Most past statements about the secret chamber made by "modern"
mainstream Egyptologists have been proven wrong, wildly wrong. They
did not know what they were talking about, and things have not
gotten better for them after September 17, 2002.

The reason for this is that the Egyptologists do not know or do not wish to accept the actual reason why the Great Pyramid was built - which was for geodetics and astronomy.

Since the Egyptologists have little knowledge in these disciplines by training, they are as a group generally unprepared in any way to judge or analyze any of this new
discovery and one should generally disregard their opinions on it.
They carry no weight. Most Egyptologists are linguists, and nothing
more. Except for perhaps Mr. Zahi Hawass, who is by heart and
soul "The Keeper of the Pyramids", this field is not an Egyptologist's
expertise.

THE ANALYSIS BY ANDIS KAULINS - WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?

Being a good researcher means not to overlook things. While everyone
has been concentrating on robots and stone slabs, no one has been
looking at the obvious markings at the end of the shaft near the
stone slab. These markings - in part clearly cup marks - as on many
megaliths around the world - identify the stars to the North, West
and East of the Queens Chamber shaft on the effective "date" of the
building of the Cheops Pyramid, which is July 25, 2430 BC, when
there was a solar eclipse at the Summer Solstice point at sunrise
(ca. 6 a.m.) - the time to which all data apply.

July 25, 2430 BC, 6 a.m. - Positions of the Stars

On July 25, 2430 B.C. starting at ca. 6 a.m. there was a solar
eclipse over the Nile Delta at the Summer Solstice point. Looking
north at this time one finds the North Celestial Pole in the tail of
Draco. In the East, there is a solar eclipse at sunrise below Chort
and Zosma (Duhr) in Leo - this is represented by the importance of
the Sphinx (Leo) and by the lion head found inscribed on the
megalith in the room just behind the stone slab at the end of the
southern shaft from the Queen's Chamber (see the graphic below). In
the West, we find Andromeda and Pegasus. These positions are clearly
marked on the stone blocks above and to the left and right of the
stone slab at the end of the shaft. They tell us the stellar
orientation perfectly.

See the graphics at cheops1. gif or .tif
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
showing the markings on blocks
of stone above, left and right of the stone slab at the end of the
shaft

This stellar location matches the figures found inscribed on the
megalith (viz. megalithic wall) found on September 17, 2002 opposite
the stone slab at the end of the Cheops shaft. The megalith in
entirety has the shape of a lion's head and of course has other
figures carved on it in the interlocking fashion known for megaliths
in the Neolithic era. Each half has a pharaoh's head, with the left
head wearing the crown of Lower Egypt - the DESHRET - and the right
head wearing the crown of Upper Egypt, the P3.

This megalith marks the Milky Way at Cassiopeia and Cepheus (Cheops).

See the files cheops2.gif or .tif
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files
for a graphic showing the
figures inscribed on the megalith (megalithic wall) across from the
Stone Slab in the room discovered in the Cheops Pyramid on September
17, 2002. Next to that graphic is a picture made with Starry Night
Pro and showing the two crowns of Egypt in a heavenly context.

CONCLUSION

The Cheops Pyramid is the Hebrew Qevia meaning "calendric fixing".

It is the calendric fixing one kingdom or 684 years after the start of the Old
Kingdom which is equal to 18 x 19 x 2 = 684 - as a predictive
multiple of the Saros (18 years) and Metonic (19 years) lunar and
solar cycles. As written long ago by Eusebius "it is all astronomy"
and will continue to be astronomy when the next secret chamber is
opened behind the megalith - though I am not certain that any
additional chamber must exist. The megalith is the required record.

Khasekhemwy - What do the Egyptologists Know?

2004-08-10T21:21:00.000+02:00

Khasekhemwy - What do the Egyptologists Know?

Without meaning to be disparaging, I myself as a dictionary author
look at entries in other dictionaries for comparison, such as "The
British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt", to see "what is really
known", so e.g. under their entry "Khasekhemwy" where we find the
following RELATIVE text excerpts, all in ONE short article about
Khasekhemwy:

"probably his son"
"it has been suggested"
"perhaps also political"
"probably an excessively historical explanation"
"what may have been an iconographic phenomenon"
"debate...hinges partly on the question"
"The picture was once believed to be"
"was thought to refer to another ruler"
"depictions...have been interpreted as evidence"
"generally considered"
"probably the forerunners of the valley temples"
"generally considered"
"poor excavation...has hindered any more definite statement"

Do these people know what they are talking about?

NO.

When we look under "literature", it is written in that same work:

"Throughout the Pharaonic period it is often difficult to
distinguish between fictional narratives and accounts of actual
events, and part of this problem stems from a general inability to
recognize the aims and contexts of particular texts."

What happens in the course of time in Egyptology, however, is that
all of these unclear texts, suppositions and assumptions creep into
the mainstream literature, are cited by scholars, citing their
cronies and professors, and then are quoted LATER as fact - even
though originally such alleged facts were just nice suppositions,
supported by little or no evidence, and to which generally no new
supporting knowledge had been added.

As written further under "literature" in the British Museum
Dictionary:

"Many such documents are perhaps best regarded as semi-fictional works...."

And so also should one regard Egyptological dictionaries, as "semi-
fictional works", whatever that means. When the Egyptologists KNOW
what they are writing and defining, the definitions and explanations
will look different than they do now.

When you look to have Khasekhemwy "defined" properly , you will find
that best at
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi762.htm

When the British Musuem Dictionary "definition" writes of
Khasekhemwy that

"The depictions of slain enemies on the two statues
[one statue shown at the LexiLine pages] have been interpreted as
evidence of military activities during his reign", you can toss such
nonsense straight into the wastebasket. The Egyptologists on that
score do not know what they are talking about.

Karnak Restoration Activities

2004-07-11T21:07:00.000+02:00

Karnak Restoration Activities

The Egyptian Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line reports in an article by Nevine El-Aref entitled A perfectly sacred place that comprehensive conservation and reconstruction activities, based upon a plan worked out by "a team from the Centre Franco-Egyptian d'Etude des Temples de Karnak (CFEETK) - François Larché, director - along with their Egyptian colleagues", as stated by Sabri Abdel- Aziz, head of the Ancient Egyptian antiquities department, are being conducted at Karnak in Egypt by the Egyptian SCA (Supreme Council of Antiquities),

Not only is much restoration work going on at Karnak, but at the Valley of Kings, the SCA "is undertaking another site management project with a budget of $2.6 million offered as a grant by the Japanese government." Interesting is that a new high tech security system similar to the one at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo is also being installed at the tombs of the Valley of Kings.

Lower Egypt Nome 6 - ANE BC P17

2004-06-17T13:04:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 6 - ANE BC P17

This posting expands on the previous presentation in the Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS explaining the Lower and Upper Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy.
See explanation of the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes.
See also Lower Egypt Nome 5 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

LOWER EGYPT NOME 6

6. V of Horns of Lupus, H3sww, "mountain bull".

Update, June 18, 2004:

In Hannig ED1 (p. 1542, Toponyme), the first term listed is transcribed as 3wrt and transliterated as Auret (*Buto). This transcription and transliteration is incorrect. The hieroglyphs actually read GAI-OS VA-R-TI,
(see my postings about the hieroglyphs for corrected readings of symbols).

In Latvian "guos varti" viz "guovs varti" means "the gate of the cattle" which in the hermetic astronomical context is LUPUS, homophonic with Latvian LUOPS "cattle, cow, steer". (Note that where the dictionaries write Latvian "o" as gos viz. govs and luops as lops, I use the "uo" instead of the "o" - as in earlier German orthography of Latvian - since it better reflects the true pronunciation. The Latvian "O" is not like the English O but is closer to a "W" or "UO" sound.

The above reading of "cattle gate" is confirmed by the actual nome symbol of a steer.

Lower Egypt Nome 5 - ANE BC P16

2004-06-17T00:04:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 5 - ANE BC P16

This posting expands on the previous presentation in the Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS explaining the Lower and Upper Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy.
See explanation of the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes.
See also Lower Egypt Nome 5 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

LOWER EGYPT NOME 5

5. V-stars of Centaurus, Nt, "Northern shield", the stars which at theta-Centauri (Menkent) form the shape of a flower above the centaur.

Update, June 17

The major city of Nome 5 (and perhaps also 4) was Sau (Zau), in Greek Sais and in Arabic Sa al-Hagar. Zau and Hagar might be remnants of the names Wazn and Hadar, "Ground and Weight" applied to the stars alpha and beta-Centauri.

Pharaonic Egyptian Hieroglyphs 1 - Vowel Sounds - ANE BC P15

2004-06-16T20:43:00.000+02:00

Pharaonic Egyptian Hieroglyphs 1 - Vowel Sounds - ANE BC P15

Pharaonic Egyptian Vowels in Hieroglyphs

The current view of the Egyptian hieroglyphs is that they contained no "vowels". Although this is true in terms of "modern" vowels as used to separate consonants, the Egyptian hieroglyphs do in fact have symbols for vowel-type sounds which did not function as "vowels" per se but which represented separate language elements as specific sounds.

The above graphic shows my new decipherment of the ancient Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian vowel-sound system.

Decipherment of the Vowel-Sound System of Ancient Egypt

This decipherment is the beginning of my correction of the mainstream transcriptions, transliterations and interpretations of the hieroglyphs. Mainstream work contains many, many errors.

In the early days of the Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs, the ancients did not yet have our words or specific concepts for "vowel" or "consonant".

Indeed, even in modern times, a thing like "vowels" is a complicated subject. See e.g. Louis Goldstein of Yale University and his writings on "vowel theory".

Yet, in order to devise a written language, the ancients had to have some primitive "linguistic" understanding of sound and its connection to symbols in order to devise a workable writing system.

I have discovered how that Pharaonic "vowel" system worked.

Mater Lectionis - Early vowels in the Hebrew Alphabet

The Pharaonic "vowels" show that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were the DIRECT predecessor system to what is known as the matres lectionis of the Hebrew alphabet in which the letter Aleph is mostly an A, the letter He mostly an A, the letter Waw mostly an O or a U, and the letter Jod (also spelled Yod) mostly I, E or AE.

The Linguistics of Sound and Vowel Theory

Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which
vowels can be formed by human speech.

Early Vowel Theory

As Goldstein notes:

Indian grammarians as early as the 7th century
already divided vowels into three distinct types:
(1) palatal (so-called "mouth vowels")
(2) labio-velar (so-called "lip vowels")
(3) pharyngeal (so-called "throat vowels")

Modern Vowel Theory

Modern linguistics has expanded this list to four types of vowels:
(1) palatal ("mouth vowels")
(2) velar ("lip vowels")
(3) uvular ("tongue vowels")
(4) pharyngeal ("in the throat")

The Egyptian Vowel-Type Hieroglyphs mark Vowel Sounds

What I have discovered in the most ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs is that their makers recognized four qualities of vowel-type sounds - and consciously selected homophonic (same-sounding) symbols to mark these sounds - sounds which are similar in function to modern linguistic vowel theory, but of course not as advanced in their nature 5000 years ago.

These four vowel-type sounds in ancient Egypt were:

1. The Breath Sound - - the "LEAF, reed LEAF" Hieroglyph
2. The Throat Sound - - the "EAGLE" (vulture) Hieroglyph
3. The Nasal Sound - - the "CHICKEN" Hieroglyph
4. The Palatal Sound - - the "BENT ARM" Hieroglyph

In order to represent these "vowel-types" with symbols, the makers of the hieroglyphs - on the basis of the evidence of the Indo-European language, e.g. on the basis of Latvian lexical comparisons, selected symbols which were pronounced similarly - i.e. were homophonic - to the vowel sound description.

The Four Pairs of Homophonic Hieroglyphs and Vowel Sound Functions

The following four pairs of words are homophonic in Latvian - and fit the Egyptian hieroglyphs perfectly. I find that these same homophonic pairs are found clearly in the Egyptian hieroglyphs:

1. ALPA (whence ALPHA) viz. ELPA "breath" is homophonic with LAPA viz. VARPA "leaf, ear" whence also VARPATA "couch-grass, dog grass". (Note that the later alphabet used the "steer, ox" symbol for Alpha, a steer in Latvian being LUOP, also a word homophonic to ALPA.) In ancient Old Kingdom Egypt, the "leaf" or "reed leaf" symbol thus represented the "breath sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

2. IERIKLIS ("in the throat") is homophonic with ERGLIS "eagle" (vulture in Egypt). The "eagle" viz. "vulture" symbol thus represented the "throat sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

3. UOSTA ("smell, smeller, of the nose") is homophonic with VISTA "chicken".
The "chicken" symbol thus represented a "nasal sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

4. ROKA ("bent, arm") is homophonic with LOKA "bent, pliable, flexible", supple").
The "bent arm" thus represented a "palatal (bent) sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs. Even today LOCISHANA in Latvian is applied as a word in linguistics, applying to declension and conjugation.

Consequence of the Hieroglyphic "Vowel-Sound" Discovery

This above discovery now permits us to recognize that the hieroglyphs were not just chance symbols selected at random or because of religious or other considerations, but were selected primarily for their pronounced SOUND as being similarly sounding - homophonic - to an intended linguistic sound FUNCTION.

Accordingly, we will expect a similar intelligence and rational reasoning to be at work in the formulation of the remainder of the hieroglyphs, also for the "consonants" (which - as we will see - were also seen combined with vowel sounds). Even though the ancients did not have the precise equivalent concept of "consonant" in ancient days, they recognized similar sounds.

An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will also soon be forthcoming, as well as further correction of the decipherment of many other hieroglyphs which did not attain later "alphabetic" status.

Technorati Tags
Egyptology, Hieroglyphs, Vowel Theory, Matres Lectionis, Hebrew Alphabet, Alphabet, Origin of the Alphabet, Mater Lectionis, Palatal, Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Labio-velar, Linguistics
.

Lower Egypt Nome 4 - ANE BC P14

2004-06-14T22:41:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 4 - ANE BC P14

This posting expands on the previous presentation in the Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS explaining the Lower and Upper Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy.
See explanation of the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes.
See also Lower Egypt Nome 4 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

LOWER EGYPT NOME 4

4. Spica in Virgo, nt, read by Egyptologists as "Southern shield", it is also possible that this is a reference to Centaurus and/or the Southern Cross, Crux, below Virgo. Centaurus was pictured with a shield in later eras. See Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 151.

Update, June 16

Nomes 4 and 5 of Lower Egypt are the southern and northern parts of the "province" of Neit, divided after the Old Kingdom, and this large size makes it look as if Centaurus is intended rather than Spica and Virgo, Virgo being almost directly on the ecliptic, although the Arabic name for Virgo, Al Adhra al Nathifah (the innocent - or pure - maiden), may through Nath-ifah have given the name Neith to these two nomes, assigned to it by the Egyptologists.

The main city in Nome 4 is Tanta, which might be a variant of Kenta-urus, but this is speculation as there is no other evidence to support this conclusion as yet.

The idea of a "Southern Shield" has its comparable in Chinese astronomy where Nan Mun marked the lucida of the Centaur and was called the "South Gate".

RHA writes that alpha-Centauri was known as Serk-t in Egypt, but this seems not to explain the Sobek applied to it on the White Chapel (see Digital Egypt).

Ancient Egyptians had a Sense of Humor - ANE BC P12

2004-06-07T10:28:00.000+02:00

Ancient Egyptians had a Sense of Humor - ANE BC P12

My father, Arvids Kaulins, had a favorite saying: "Times change, but people do not".

The Ancient Egyptians had a sense of humor and were just like moderns in this regard, according to a Discovery Channel article by Jennifer Viegas of Discovery News entitled Ancient Egyptians Were Jokesters, reporting on a lecture on the topic of Ancient Egyptian humor by Carol Andrews, a lecturer in Egyptology at Birbeck College, University of London.

Studies such as this are important to help us to realize that ancient men and women were like us and that portrayals of ancient man as an ignorant brute are just, well, ignorant. This also applies to our assessment of ancient technology.

For example, mainstream historians of astronomy want to deny the ancients basic astronomical knowledge, and that attitude is simply a sign of modern ignorance. Similarly, the mainstream linguists, in their decipherment of the hieroglyphs, have not paid any attention to the fact that the inventors of human writing had some "linguistic" knowledge - speech not just being merely invented in the last 200 years - and this basic "linguistic knowledge" is clearly incorporated into the symbols they created (see e.g. our next posting).

Scott Noegel, president of the American Research Center in Egypt's (ARCE) Northwest Chapter and associate professor, Department of New Eastern Languages and Civilizations, University of Washington states that
ancient Egyptian humor could be divided into at least five basic types. See the article to see what they are.

Vincent Jones, president of the ARCE Georgia Chapter - ARCE is the American Research Center in Egypt - is quoted as saying that: "I believe that their sense of humor was very similar to our own".

Along similar lines, Guillemette Andreu, curator of the Louvre's Egyptian collection, pointed out recently in a lecture that Egyptians also had excuses about not coming to work, including illness, getting married, and other matters.

So what is new?

Lower Egypt Nome 2 - ANE BC P11

2004-06-05T19:47:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 2 - ANE BC P11

This posting expands on the previous presentation in the Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS explaining the Lower and Upper Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy.
See explanation of the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes.
See also Lower Egypt Nome 2 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

LOWER EGYPT NOME 2

2. Crater, Hm, something like "front side cut" and perhaps related to the later Arabic Al Hayyah "snake". The shape of the hieroglyph might mark the head of Hydra and that same constellation to its left including Sextans.

Update, June 14
The main city in the second lower nome of Egypt was Khem (Greek Letopolis, Arabic Ausim) viz. KhentyKhem. Khem will mark the lucida (brightest star) in Hydra, Alphard, at the neck of the water serpent, known as Suhel al Fard in Arabic but also as Suhel al Sham (RHA p. 249)- Sham (Ausim) will be Khem.

The hieroglyph used for this nome, according to Hannig, marks the innards, which in Latvian are the word ikris and this corresponds to the 7th Vedic nakshatra Acresha at Hydra (RHA p. 248).

Hence, the first lower nome marks the Summer Solstice and the second lower nome marks the front of Hydra from head to Crater.

Lower Egypt Nome 1 - ANE BC P10

2004-06-05T15:01:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 1 - ANE BC P10

This posting expands on the previous presentation in the Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS explaining the Egyptian Lower and Upper Nomes as hermetic geodetic astronomy.
See explanation of the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes.
See also Lower Egypt Nome 1 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

LOWER EGYPT NOME 1

1. nu-Hydrae (below Leo), Jnbw-hd, "the white wall". The "white wall" and the "gnomon" mark the Summer Solstice.
Update, June 5, 2004
The capital of the 1st lower nome was Memphis. That a gnomon is intended by the nome hieroglyph can be seen from the variant hieroglyph of Memphis as the "king's castle" where the man is clearly holding a gnomon
.
See Hannig, ED1, p. 1547.

A gnomon at Memphis is also marked on the Turin Canon.

The goddess Hathor at Memphis, the "eye" of Ra (the sun - related to Indo-European, e.g. Latvian Re!, Redz! "sight, light") and goddess of the sky, had the epithet "of the southern sycamore", which might have referred to the stars of Crater below Leo. Crater is marked as a tree on the megaliths of Ancient Britain at Trethevy Quoit. However, Hathor is also affiliated with the 3rd nome of Lower Egypt so that this matter is unclear.

The Chinese sieu (lunar mansion, moon station) in Hydra called Lieu was seen as a "willow branch" in this part of the heavens, governing the planets and being "worshipped at festivals of the summer solstice as an emblem of immortality". RHA, p. 248.

Lower Egypt Nome 6 - ANE BC P9

2004-06-04T13:14:00.000+02:00

Lower Egypt Nome 6 - ANE BC P9

see also Lower Egypt Nome 6 (in English) and Egyptian Nomes (in German)

Individual Nomes to be Analyzed

Starting with this posting we begin to add material to the previous postings on the Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy.

Nomes of Upper and Lower Egypt

As the present posting does, we will now discuss only one nome at a time as a new separate post - but then we will also add that material to the comprehensive detail postings previously published for the Lower Egypt Nomes and the Upper Egypt Nomes. That way, those two latter permalinks will always contain all newly updated materials for all nomes even though those two postings will retain the initial old timestamp of May 26, 2004 - in spite of the fact that they contain newly added materials. These will be marked "Update", plus the date of the update.

LOWER EGYPT NOME 6

Lower Egypt Nome 6. V of Horns of Lupus, H3sww, "mountain bull".

This is the area of sky where the stars of Lupus (Indo-European, e.g. Latvian lops, lopis (luopis) "animal, beast, cattle, livestock") and Centaurus meet. The Centaur was the ancient Minoan bull, the Minotaur, and also "on the Euphrates it was considered a complete Bull", see Richard Hinckley Allen (RHA), Star Names, pp. 150-151 (Lupus made up the head and horns).

The capital city of the sixth lower nome is Buto [Buto (de)] (Tell el-Fara'in viz. Farain), also called Uto, Edjo, Wadjet (Per-Wadjet) or Wadjit.

Wadjet was the cobra goddess of ancient Egypt twined around a papyrus stem. See Encyclopaedia Britannica under "Buto". As RHA points out, the area of connection of Lupus and Centaurus was known to the Arabs as Al Kadb al Karm, "the Vine Branch", i.e. the twine around a papyrus stem.

RHA notes that this stellar area was also called Al Wazn "weight" in Arabic, surely related to the "ground and weight" (Hadar and Wazn) of ancient stars in this region. I show that stars in this region of the heavens were originally arranged in the form of the net of the fisherman at Lupus and Centaurus according to my decipherment of the megaliths of Scotland. The net explains the use of "ground and weight", as used in net construction.

These "twins" of ground and weight are Pe and Dep, the semi-mythical Predynastic capitals of Lower Egypt at Buto, which we now can see marked the stars above and below the ecliptic. The Pyramid Texts state that Pe marks kings of "Lower Egypt" whereas Dep marks the serpent.

The use of the serpent rather than the bull came from using Serpens Caput above the ecliptic rather than Lupus and Centaur below it to mark this region of the heavens.

The Muu dancers show Dep as wearing a crown [above the ecliptic] and Pe as wearing none. DEP will be Indo-European, e.g. Latvian DEB-ess "heaven".

We now know from the above analysis that not only the nomes but also the capital city of each nome were hermetic, with the capital - in an astronomical context - presumably marking the lucida - the brightest star in each stellar region.

This area of the heavens marked the Autumn Equinox in ca. 3000 BC, where the ecliptic and the celestial equator met. Buto has three mounds, but I do not know the shape formed by these three mounds as a unit, by which one should be able determine the astronomical location in the stars exactly in the predynastic megalithic period. Perhaps these oldest mounds marked the three front prominent stars of Scorpio, as at other megalithic sites, i.e. in a prong form. The mounds of course would have preceded the later cities.

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - E - Lower Egypt Nomes Explained - ANE BC P8

2004-05-26T22:08:00.000+02:00

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - E - Lower Egypt Nomes Explained - ANE BC P8

This posting presents a detailed analysis of the Lower Egypt Nomes and their relation to Astronomy on the basis of the Hieroglyphs. Since Old Kingdom sources - as reflected in Hannig's Egyptian Dictionary I (ED1) - do not contain all of the Nomes of Lower Egypt, I refer to the Digital Egypt site (in English) and to the Meritneith site (in German) by Nadja Türk-Gothe for a representation of all the Nomes of Egypt, including those not found in Hannig's Dictionary of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period.

NOMES OF LOWER EGYPT and their HIEROGLYPHS EXPLAINED

1. nu-Hydrae (below Leo), Jnbw-hd, "the white wall". The "white wall" and the "gnomon" mark the Summer Solstice.

Update, June 5, 2004
The capital of the 1st lower nome was Memphis. That a gnomon is intended by the nome hieroglyph can be seen from the variant hieroglyph of Memphis as the "king's castle" where the man is clearly holding a gnomon
.
See Hannig, ED1, p. 1547.

A gnomon at Memphis is also marked on the Turin Canon.

The goddess Hathor at Memphis, the "eye" of Ra (the sun - related to Indo-European, e.g. Latvian Re!, Redz! "sight, light") and goddess of the sky, had the epithet "of the southern sycamore", which might have referred to the stars of Crater below Leo. Crater is marked as a tree on the megaliths of Ancient Britain at Trethevy Quoit.

The Chinese sieu (lunar mansion, moon station) in Hydra called Lieu was seen as a "willow branch" in this part of the heavens, governing the planets and being "worshipped at festivals of the summer solstice as an emblem of immortality". RHA, p. 248.

2. Crater, Hm, something like "front side cut" and perhaps related to the later Arabic Al Hayyah "snake". The shape of the hieroglyph might mark the head of Hydra and that same constellation to its left including Sextans.

Update, June 14
The main city in the second lower nome of Egypt was Khem (Greek Letopolis, Arabic Ausim) viz. KhentyKhem. Khem will mark the lucida (brightest star) in Hydra, Alphard, at the neck of the water serpent, known as Suhel al Fard in Arabic but also as Suhel al Sham (RHA p. 249)- Sham (Ausim) will be Khem.

The hieroglyph used for this nome, according to Hannig, marks the innards, which in Latvian are the word ikris and this corresponds to the 7th Vedic nakshatra Acresha at Hydra (RHA p. 248).

Hence, the first lower nome marks the Summer Solstice and the second lower nome marks the front of Hydra from head to Crater.

3. Corvus, jmntt, the Raven, read as the "West nome" by mainstream Egyptology.

Update, June 14

Corvus is known as the Raven in ancient astronomy and the Pharaonic hieroglyph is indeed a bird.

The main city in the 3rd lower nome of Egypt was Imu (Arabic Kom el-Hisn)
and its deity was noted as Hepy of Hut-Ihyt. These terms correspond to the early Arabic titles for Crater, with Imu = (?) Al Ajmal "the Camel" and Hepy = Al Hiba "the Tent". Corvus was known as Emansor (=Imu?) in early days (RHA p. 181). The Arabic name Kom el-Hisn for the main city Imu indicates a possible relation to the 11th Vedic nakshatra, Hasta (=Hisn?), marking the star Algorab. The Chinese 11th sieu - a lunar mansion - is similarly named as Kusam. (Yes, we think the systems are related in origin).

4. Spica in Virgo, nt, read by Egyptologists as "Southern shield", it is also possible that this is a reference to Centaurus and/or the Southern Cross, Crux, below Virgo. Centaurus was pictured with a shield in later eras. See Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 151.

Update, June 16

Nomes 4 and 5 of Lower Egypt are the southern and northern parts of the "province" of Neit, divided after the Old Kingdom, and this large size makes it look as if Centaurus is intended rather than Spica and Virgo, Virgo being almost directly on the ecliptic, although the Arabic name for Virgo, Al Adhra al Nathifah (the innocent - or pure - maiden), may through Nath-ifah have given the name Neith to these two nomes, assigned to it by the Egyptologists.

The main city in Nome 4 is Tanta, which might be a variant of Kenta-urus, but this is speculation as there is no other evidence to support this conclusion as yet.

The idea of a "Southern Shield" has its comparable in Chinese astronomy where Nan Mun marked the lucida of the Centaur and was called the "South Gate".

RHA writes that alpha-Centauri was known as Serk-t in Egypt, but this seems not to explain the Sobek applied to it on the White Chapel (see Digital Egypt).

5. V-stars of Centaurus, Nt, "Northern shield", the stars which at theta-Centauri (Menkent) form the shape of a flower above the centaur.

Update, June 17

The major city of Nome 5 (and perhaps also 4) was Sau (Zau), in Greek Sais and in Arabic Sa al-Hagar. Zau and Hagar might be remnants of the names Wazn and Hadar, "Ground and Weight" applied to the stars alpha and beta-Centauri.

6. V of Horns of Lupus, H3sww, "mountain bull".

Update, June 4, 2004:
This is the area of sky where the stars of Lupus (Indo-European, e.g. Latvian lops, lopis (luopis) "animal, beast, cattle, livestock") and Centaurus meet. The Centaur was the ancient Minoan bull, the Minotaur, and also "on the Euphrates it was considered a complete Bull", see Richard Hinckley Allen (RHA), Star Names, pp. 150-151 (Lupus made up the head and horns). The capital city of the sixth lower nome is Buto [Buto (de)] (Tell el-Fara'in viz. Farain), also called Uto, Edjo, Wadjet (Per-Wadjet) or Wadjit - cobra goddess of ancient Egypt twined around a papyrus stem. See Encyclopaedia Britannica under "Buto". As RHA points out, the area of connection of Lupus and Centaurus was known to the Arabs as Al Kadb al Karm, "the Vine Branch", i.e. the twine around a papyrus stem. RHA notes that this stellar area was also called Al Wazn "weight" in Arabic, surely related to the "ground and weight" (Hadar and Wazn) of ancient stars in this region, showing these to be stars arranged in the form of the net of the fisherman at Lupus and Centaurus according to my decipherment of the megaliths of Scotland, the net explaining the use of "ground and weight", as used in net construction. These are Pe and Dep, the semi-mythical Predynastic capitals of Lower Egypt at Buto, which we now can see marked the stars above and below the ecliptic. The Pyramid Texts state that Pe marks kings of "Lower Egypt" whereas Dep marks the serpent.
The use of the serpent rather than the bull came from using Serpens Caput above the ecliptic rather than Lupus and Centaur below it. The Muu dancers show Dep as wearing a crown (above the ecliptic) and Pe as wearing none. DEP will be Indo-European, e.g. Latvian DEB-ess "heaven". We now know from the above analysis that not only the nomes but also the capital city of each nome were hermetic, with the capital astronomically marking the lucida - the brightest star in each stellar region.
This area of the heavens marked the Autumn Equinox in ca. 3000 BC, where the ecliptic and the celestial equator met. Buto has three mounds, but I do not know their shape, by which one should be able determine the astronomical location in the stars exactly in the predynastic megalithic period. Perhaps these oldest mounds marked the three front prominent stars of Scorpio, as at other megalithic sites.

7. West Harpoon of Scorpio, Hwj-gs-jmntj or W'm hww gs jmntj, "West harpoon nome".

8. Middle of Scorpio, Hwj or W'm hww j³btj, "East harpoon nome", this is Arabic Jabhat and stars in Scorpio are known as al Jabhah in Arabic (see Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, p. 3719.

9. Staff (Stinger) of Scorpio, 'ndtj, "Andjeti".

10. Corona Australis - Sagittarius, Km-wr, "Kem-wer", "black bull". The bull or ox is assigned to the area of Sagittarius and Capricorn in Chinese astronomy (see Richard Hinckley Allen, p. 139) and the area of Capricorn was known as Mriga, Makara viz. Makra "antelope, goat."

11. Start of Capricorn, Hsbw, "Hesbu", "counting of the bulls".

12. End of Capricorn, Tb-ntrt, "calf and cow". This marks the Winter Solstice at Algedi.

13. Aquarius. Hannig writes J3btj, "Jabet".

14. Front of Cetus - Diphda, Hntj-j3btj, "front Eastern nome".

15. Achernar - Phoenix, Dhwtj, "Djehuti".

16. Menkar in Cetus, H3t-mhjt, "First of the Fish"

17. Taurus - Aldebaran, Zm³-bhdt, "united Behedet". The united element refers to the crossing of the ecliptic and the celestial equator.

18. Front of Orion, Jmt, "Prince of the South".

19. Back of Orion - Sirius, Jmt-ph, "Prince of the North".

20. Puppis - Sirius, Pr-Spdw, "feather-crowned falcon of Sopdu". Sopdu here will be the same as Sopdet, Sirius, as the feather above Puppis.

21. No Nome - Break in the Milky Way
22. No Nome - Break in the Milky Way

Note that the presence of an Arabic term does not mean the hieroglyphs were originally read or pronounced that way for the mentioned astronomical terms, but it does mean that the Egyptologists are using later sources to derive the names of the hieroglpyhs.

Note that the scaffolding in the Nome hieroglyphs (the scaffolding has been removed in the graphics used here) marks something high up, i.e. the heavens. The hieroglyphs which define the stellar area described are then found inscribed on top of this scaffolding. We have such a scaffold pedestal on the Narmer Palette, for example, marking the Vernal Equinox in the figure of Anubis (my discovery).

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - D - Upper Egypt Nomes Explained - ANE BC P7

2004-05-26T20:29:00.000+02:00

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - D - Upper Egypt Nomes Explained - ANE BC P7

This posting presents a detailed analysis of the Upper Egypt Nomes and their relation to Astronomy on the basis of the Hieroglyphs.

Nomes of UPPER EGYPT and their HIEROGLYPHS Explained

1. Chort / Duhr in Leo - Hannig writes T3-stj Taseti. In Arabic, the star Duhr is called Thahr Asad (according to Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, Dover, New York, 1963, p. 260). Thahr Asad perhaps = Taseti. The hieroglyph - based on new readings of the hieroglyphs which will soon be presented on this blog - actually reads something like ShCh-r-te, i.e. Chort, viz. al H'aratan, which is similar to ancient Indo-European, e.g. Latvian Shchirt or Shchirtinja, (normally spelled with diacritical markings) meaning "divide, separation" - here marking the Summer Solstice, in 2430 BC, on a line passing from the North Ecliptic Pole, through the North Celestial Pole, through Mizar to the star Chort in Leo.

2. Canes Venatici - Hannig writes Wts-Hr "Wetjes-Hor" - Hor could be Chara, now one of the hounds of Canes Venatici.

3. Coma Berenices - Hannig writes Nhn "Nechen" (compare Arabic Nakkar for Boötes). The ancients seem to have known (had observed) that the North Galactic Pole was located in Coma Berenices, since they gave this otherwise unimportant constellation a great deal of attention. Essentially, Coma Berenices is ca. half way between the center of the galaxy at Sagitarrius and the break in the Milky Way at Vela on the opposite side. See e.g. the entry Galactic Latitude for a discussion of this matter online.

As Hannig writes, Hn-nhn "Chen-nechen" were the first seven nomes of upper Egypt, thus - according to our analysis - covering the time of year from the Summer Solstice to the Autumn Equinox. This hieroglyph is actually correctly read "Janini", the Indo-European, e.g. the Latvian term for "Midsummer". From this, we suspect that the correct reading of the other half of this hieroglyph (the hieroglyph of the Crown of the East, i3by) will have a value of spar- (wings), together with -nin giving thus the value of sparninsh "diminutive, wing(ed)", viz. "feathered" in Indo-European, e.g. Latvian. The Crown of the East signals the Autumn Equinox. See Upper Egypt nome 18 below for the Crown of the West on the opposite side of the heavens.

4. This is a Line marked by the end of the Handle of Ursa Major (the Big Dipper). Hannig writes W3st "Waset" which in Arabic means "middle" and indeed, the end "handle stars" of Ursa Major are very close to and mark the line to the North Celestial Pole - the Middle - in this era.

5. Boötes. Hannig writes Ntrwj "Netjerui". Richard Hinckley Allen writes at page 100 about Boötes:
"In India it was the 13th nakshatra, Svati ... perhaps Sword ... and known there also as Nishtya, Outcast ...."
Hence, Netjerui may be Nishtya, or Arabic Nakkar or Nekkar for Boötes. Possible is also that this marks the two small stars together in the vast starless expanse of Boötes, i.e. rho and sigma, known as Nadhlat in Arabic = Netjerui ?

6. Libra. Hannig writes Jqr "Iqer". The reason that they took a lizard here is that Libra is barely above the ecliptic, and it was known as Juga or Juka "weigh beam" in Sanskrit.

7. Corona Borealis. Hannig writes B3t - Ancient Arabic Al-feta for this constellation is perhaps related (see Allen p. 176).

8. Hercules. Hannig writes wr - The ancient Arabic name was al Ra'i.

9. Phallus of Hercules. Hannig writes Mnw "Menu" = Min = ancient constellation name Masym, which is like Indo-European, e.g. Latvian "mesha(m)" (thrower, ejaculator).

10. Serpens Cauda. Hannig writes W3dzt "Wadjit" - an Egyptian term for serpent - and the hieroglyph is a serpent. This is a very clear representation of Serpens Cauda.

11. Aquila - Altair. Hannig writes Sh3 "Sha". Allen notes the ancient Persian constellation Shahin and Sogdian Shad for Aquila.

12. Tail of Aquarius. Hannig writes 3tft Atfet. Earlier it was read dwft - it is probably Arabic Dalw "bucket", for Aquarius

13. Front of Pegasus. Hannig writes Ndft hntt "Front Nedjfit".

14. Back of Pegasus. Hannig writes Ndft phtt "Back Nedjfit". The hieroglyphs for "back" are written out at the 21st Nome of Upper Egypt and clearly read aste meaning "tail" in Indo-European, e.g. Latvian, although the general reading in Egyptology for this sign is phwj meaning "behind, after" which is the Indo-European, e.g. Latvian term pēc, pēcuo, pēcuot "behind, after, last, following". We find the similar voiced forms as Indo-European, e.g. Latvian beidz, "finish" and beidzuot "finally".

15. Cassiopeia. Hannig writes Snt "Unet". A hare is used as the symbol in the hieroglyph. In Latvian a vainags is a crown and the ears of the hare were seen as the crown on its head for which it was named. Cassiopeia is the crown in the astronomical context.

16. Camelopardalis Perseus. Hannig writes M3-hd "Ma-hedj". Since Perseus and Camelopardalis reach up to great heights in the sky, they are generally portrayed in astronomical systems with some kind of a high-reaching symbol, here apparently a mountain goat - in modern times a figure applied to neighboring Auriga.

17. Auriga. Anubis is shown as a dog with the hieroglyph of the Crown of the West (currently transcribed as wnmy) above him. The Crown of the West signals the Vernal Equinox.

18. Crossing Ecliptic : Celestial Equator. Hannig writes Pr-Nmtj "Nemti" where the older reading was c-ntj. In Latvian parnemti means "to take over, switch over". The Vernal Equinox takes place where the ecliptic and celestial equator meet, marked here by a bird with extremely long legs - rooted to the ground - but with wings open ready to fly, showing the separation of the celestial equator and ecliptic at this point.

19. Gemini. Hannig writes *W3bwj "Wabui". This is Latvian abie "both" and marks the two twins of Gemini, both explicitly marked as two staffs on the hieroglyph.

20. Front of the Cup of Ursa Major. Hannig writes N-c-rt hntt "front Noret". The name Noret is similar to the Latvian term "neriet" meaning stars that never set, i.e. circumpolar stars.

However - perhaps or perhaps not related here - as we shall see in future postings, the hieroglyph read in Egyptology as NTR is correctly read NRT and this has its root in the basic word Nahr, as in the Akkadian (Nahru), Hebrew (Nehar di Nur) and Arabic (Al Nahr), all terms for the Milky Way, the River of Heaven, i.e. the Sky of Stars. Narit- viz. Naritis would be diminutive forms, whence N viz. NR viz. NRT as the correct readings for the hieroglyph now read incorrectly as NTR.

We know that the hieroglyph NRT applied to the heavens because it is sometimes alternated in writing with the scaffolding hieroglyph - as a symbol of the heavens - upon which the signs of the Nomes were placed.

Nahr- is also the root origin of the name of NAR-MER, properly read as "ruler, on earth, under heaven" (where MER = Egypt"), a common epithet still documented by the Guanche or Canario peoples on the Canary Islands (Ca-NAR).

21. Back of the Cup of Ursa Major - Hannig writes N-c-rt pht "back Noret". Correct for "back" seems to be the reading aste "tail", i.e. back in this sense - see 14 above for an explanation of the term pēc which leads to the mainstream reading pht, here incorrect.

22. The Knife of Leo Minor. Hannig writes Mdnjt "Medenit" but the correct transcription of part of the hieroglyph reads l-t-sha which is Arabic Laduha for this constellation. The Indo-European, e.g. Latvian term for Mdnjt is Medniet- which means "of the hunter" so this is a hunter's knife.

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - C - Nome Hieroglyph Chart - ANE BC P6

2004-05-26T20:19:00.000+02:00

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - C - Nome Hieroglyph Chart - ANE BC P6

This posting presents a graphic of the Ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs for the Nomes of Ancient Egypt.

These hieroglyphs can now be compared with the textual materials. A comprehensive and detailed explanation of the individual Nomes and the stars and star groups (asterisms or constellations) attributable to each is forthcoming.

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - B - Map of Egyptian Nomes - ANE BC P5

2004-05-26T20:04:00.000+02:00

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - B - Map of Egyptian Nomes - ANE BC P5

This posting presents a map of the Nomes of Ancient Egypt and their location according to current theory. The astronomical comparable to each Nome is listed to the right.

As noted in the previous post, the Nomes of Lower Egypt are in part erroneously placed by mainstream Egyptology, e.g. obviously Number 8.

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - A - Identification - ANE BC P4

2004-05-24T17:42:00.000+02:00

The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy - A - Identification - ANE BC P4

The 42 Pharaonic Egyptian Nomes

In our astronomical decipherment of the Nomes of Egypt, which are the ancient earthly "provinces" of Egypt, we go back to the OLDEST Pharaonic sources.

Nomes of Upper Egypt (SOUTH of the Sphinx)

All 22 of the Upper Egypt Nomes are found documented in the Old Kingdom according to Rainer Hannig's Egyptian Dictionary of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period (hereafter "Hannig ED1").

Nomes of Lower Egypt (NORTH of the Sphinx)

For Lower Egypt, we have found only the nomes 3 and 6-16 documented in that same dictionary of oldest sources although 38 Nomes are allegedly known for the Old Kingdom.

42 Nomes of Egypt are Geodetic Regions by Astronomy

As discovered by Andis Kaulins, the total number of 42 Nomes of Egypt - i.e. the 22 Upper Egypt Nomes and the 20 Lower Egypt Nomes - were organized according to the hermetic principle, "As Above, So Below". The ancients used the stars to map the Earth and Ancient Egypt by astronomy, and this mapping (geodetic survey) is visible in the hieroglyphs used as symbols to identify and mark the Egyptian Nomes.

The 42 Temples of Sumer and 42 Megaliths of Arbor Low

The ancient Sumerian Temple Hymns relate to 42 Temples, and we have discovered that these temples are a comparable geodetic survey by astronomy of ancient Sumer which we are in the process of deciphering.

At Arbor Low in Ancient Britain we find an astronomical site with 42 megaliths - which we have deciphered.

The Hieroglyphs for Nome and "Star Group" are Virtually the Same in Transcription

The hieroglyph for NOME in Egyptian [English "province", German Gaue] is transcribed by the Egyptologists as
sp3t
which is nearly the same as the transcription of
sb3t given by them to the hieroglyph meaning
"STAR, star group, stellar constellation, asterism" (Hannig, ED1, p. 1095-1096) and transliterated erroneously by those Egyptologists as the term sepat.

The Hieroglyphs are Indo-European in Origin

Actually, Pharaonic sb3t is related to the terms SPID and SPIDET in Indo-European, which are the Latvian terms for "shines" and "to shine", and to the Indo-European, e.g. Latvian terms ZIB, ZIBET meaning "to flash, to glitter". That is why the Egyptian hieroglyph for Sirius, the brightest star in the heavens, also reads spdt, which is not at all the artificial word sopdet claimed by the mainstream Egyptologists, but rather this is correctly SPIDET, i.e. "shining star".

Upper Nomes represent Stars above the Ecliptic whereas Lower Nomes represent Stars below the Ecliptic

The Nomes of Upper Egypt represent stars above the ecliptic (the path of the Sun, RA)
whereas the Nomes of Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) represent the stars below that same ecliptic. The Moon and planets also move along the general path of the ecliptic, though not directly on it.

In this posting we first show only the Nomes and their comparable Stellar Regions.
We will go into detailed textual and graphic analysis in subsequent posts.

Upper Nomes and Their Stars

THE NOMES OF UPPER EGYPT (= ABOVE the Ecliptic)
and their HERMETICALLY COMPARABLE STARS
(as shown in the hieroglyphs themselves)

Upper Egypt Nome 1. Chort / Duhr in Leo
Upper Egypt Nome 2. Canes Venatici
Upper Egypt Nome 3. Coma Berenices
Upper Egypt Nome 4. Handle of Ursa Major (the Big Dipper)
Upper Egypt Nome 5. Boötes
Upper Egypt Nome 6. Libra
Upper Egypt Nome 7. Corona Borealis
Upper Egypt Nome 8. Hercules
Upper Egypt Nome 9. Phallus of Hercules
Upper Egypt Nome 10. Serpens Cauda
Upper Egypt Nome 11. Aquila - Altair
Upper Egypt Nome 12. Tail of Aquarius
Upper Egypt Nome 13. Front of Pegasus
Upper Egypt Nome 14. Back of Pegasus
Upper Egypt Nome 15. Cassiopeia
Upper Egypt Nome 16. Camelopardalis Perseus
Upper Egypt Nome 17. Auriga
Upper Egypt Nome 18. Crossing Ecliptic : Celestial Equator
Upper Egypt Nome 19. Gemini
Upper Egypt Nome 20. Front of the Cup of Ursa Major
Upper Egypt Nome 21. Back of the Cup of Ursa Major
Upper Egypt Nome 22. The Knife of Leo Minor

Lower Nomes and Their Stars

NOMES OF LOWER EGYPT (= BELOW the Ecliptic)
and their HERMETICALLY COMPARABLE STARS
(as shown in the hieroglyphs themselves)

Lower Egypt Nome 1. nu-Hydrae
Lower Egypt Nome 2. Crater
Lower Egypt Nome 3. Corvus
Lower Egypt Nome 4. Spica in Virgo
Lower Egypt Nome 5. V-stars of Centaurus
Lower Egypt Nome 6. V of Horns of Lupus
Lower Egypt Nome 7. West Harpoon of Scorpio
Lower Egypt Nome 8. Middle of Scorpio - East Harpoon of Scorpio
Lower Egypt Nome 9. Staff (Stinger) of Scorpio
Lower Egypt Nome 10. Corona Australis - Sagittarius
Lower Egypt Nome 11. Start of Capricorn
Lower Egypt Nome 12. End of Capricorn
Lower Egypt Nome 13. Aquarius
Lower Egypt Nome 14. Front of Cetus - Diphda
Lower Egypt Nome 15. Achernar - Phoenix
Lower Egypt Nome 16. Menkar ("First of the Fish")
Lower Egypt Nome 17. Taurus - Aldebaran
Lower Egypt Nome 18. Front of Orion
Lower Egypt Nome 19. Back of Orion - Sirius
Lower Egypt Nome 20. Puppis
Lower Egypt Nome 21. No Nome - Break in the Milky Way
Lower Egypt Nome 22. No Nome - Break in the Milky Way

The Origin of the Term Nome

The word NOME was taken from the Greek term Nomos "district" and is found e.g. in Indo-European e.g. Latvian Nams meaning "large building, house, hall", whence also the related ending -onomy meaning "management" viz. "measurement".

The Nome numbering used here at the Ancient Egypt Blog Cheops is the same as is found on the map at page 6 of Shaw and Nicholson's British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (which nevertheless reflects some grievous errors by the mainstream Egyptologists in the placement of the Nomes of Lower Egypt, e.g. Nr. 8).

Nome Identification in terms of Astronomy

The identification of each nome with a particular area of the heavens - as shown above - is solely the discovery of Andis Kaulins. The Egyptologists generally know nothing of astronomy and that is why they have not made this discovery themselves.

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